海水酸化和热应激对日本鼓虾氧化应激和能量代谢的影响

伴随着全球气候变化的日益加剧,过量CO₂排放所导致的海洋酸化和暖化现象已引起广泛关注。本研究设置了两个pH水平（pH 8.1和pH 7.6）和两个温度梯度（20.0和23.0℃）,以探讨海水酸化和温度升高对日本鼓虾（Alpheus japonicus Miers）氧化应激和能量代谢过程的影响。结果发现,海水酸化、热应激以及海水酸化和热应激复合胁迫能够诱导日本鼓虾产生不同程度的氧化应激现象,且海水酸化和热应激对过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）活性、还原型谷胱甘肽（Glutathione,GSH）含量和还原型谷胱甘肽与氧化型谷胱甘肽比值（Glutathione/Oxidized Glutathione,GSH/GSSG）有交互作用;其中,海水酸化和热应激复合暴露导致鼓虾GSH含量较对照组水平降低了66.0%,GSH/GSSG比值降低为对照组水平的20.8%,而脂质过氧化水平则较对照组显著增加了51.4%。此外,海水酸化和热应激复合暴露能够导致日本鼓虾己糖激酶（Hexokinase,HK）活性的显著增强和蛋白质含量的显著降低,提示鼓虾通过调节糖酵解过程和能量储备来满足机体的能量代谢需求。上述结果表明,短期海水酸化和热应激暴露能够影响日本鼓虾的抗氧化防御体系、能量代谢过程以及能量储备能力,长期持续暴露可能会对其种群维持构成潜在威胁。     

模拟升温和营养盐加富对大亚湾浮游生物群落代谢的影响*

文章结合模拟升温和营养盐加富, 于2016年8月和2017年1月研究了夏季和冬季大亚湾海域浮游生物群落代谢特征, 以期深入了解浮游生物对升温和富营养化作用的响应机制。结果表明: 升温和营养盐输入均会影响浮游生物总初级生产力(GPP)和群落呼吸率(CR), 且GPP对环境的响应更敏感。夏季GPP除在培养前期(24h)极高温条件下受到显著抑制外, 营养盐输入的影响比温度的影响作用更显著; 而冬季GPP和CR受升温效应的影响显著(p<0.05)。总体看来, 升温效应和营养盐输入均能影响浮游生物群落碳代谢平衡, 导致海洋生态系统的稳定性降低, 进而影响海洋生物多样性以及渔业资源产出的数量和质量。     

沉水植物川蔓藻的生态学特征及其对环境变化的响应

川蔓藻是近海生态系统中重要的初级生产力。了解它的生态学特征对于河口海岸带的生态修复具有重要意义。本文结合在天津滨海湿地生态修复工程中对于川蔓藻的研究成果,从5个方面探讨了川蔓藻的生态学特征及其与环境的关系:(1)川蔓藻对极端环境因子的适应;(2)川蔓藻在资源分配上的繁殖策略;(3)川蔓藻的矿质营养代谢以及对生物地球化学过程的影响;(4)川蔓藻种群衰退的原因;(5)川蔓藻在环境修复中的应用。其中着重讨论了川蔓藻对环境变化的响应,并结合我们的研究工作展望了它在环境工程与近岸水体修复中的应用潜力。     

现代砗磲壳的碳、氧、锶同位素的变化

本文测定了西沙群岛永乐环礁现代鳞砗磲壳的碳,氧,锶同位素组成。碳,锶同位素组成呈现以年为周期的规律性变化。     

Influence of water temperature and oxygenation on the aerobic metabolic scope of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Environmental influences (temperature and oxygenation) on cod metabolism and their impact on the ecology of this species were investigated. Limiting oxygen concentration curves (O₂ level ranging between 15 and 100% air saturation) were established at 2, 5 and 10°C. The standard metabolic rate (SMR), the maximum metabolic rate and the metabolic scope were then modelled as functions of temperature and/or oxygen saturation. The mean SMR at 2, 5 and 10°C were 19.8±4.9, 30.8±6.1 and 54.3±4.1 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively. Between 2 and 5°C, the active metabolic rate of cod almost doubled from 65 to 120 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹, to reach 177 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹ at 10°C. In terms of metabolic scope (MS), the temperature rise from 2 to 5°C resulted in a two-fold increase from 45 to 89 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹, with MS reaching 123 mg O₂ h⁻¹ kg⁻¹ at 10°C. Our proposed model describing the impact of temperature and oxygen level provides new insight into the energetic interactions which govern the relationship between Atlantic cod and its environment. We re-examined published experimental and field studies from the angle of the regulation of metabolic power. We suggest that, when faced with heterogeneous or unstable hydrological conditions, cod tend to behaviourally maximise their metabolic scope. Through this adaptive response, fish reduce energy budgeting conflicts and presumably increase the probability of routinely operating away from lethal boundaries.     

盐藻过氧化物酶的盐适应性及其与物质积累的关系

实验分析了不同浓度NaCl处理下,培养盐藻的过氧化物酶(POD)活性及其与细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素积累和蛋白质积累的关系.结果表明,盐藻过氧化物酶活性随盐度变化而改变:在适当盐度(60～90g/L)下,过氧化物酶活性很低;在较低盐度(30～60g/L)或较高盐度(90～150g/L)下,盐藻过氧化物酶活性均显著升高,说明盐藻过氧化物酶是一种盐度逆境适应酶.盐藻过氧化物酶活性与盐藻细胞密度及物质积累关系密切:盐藻过氧化物酶活性很低时,盐藻细胞密度大,同时β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累也多;随着盐藻过氧化物酶活性升高,盐藻细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累均逐渐降低,但盐藻过氧化物酶活性进一步升高时,盐藻蛋白质积累又有增加,可能在盐藻体内有逆境蛋白产生.     

Underwater measurements of carbon dioxide evolution in marine plant communities: A new method

We developed a new methodology to determine CO₂ fluxes in intertidal and shallow subtidal plant communities, namely seagrasses, both when the plants are submerged and when they are air-exposed. The apparatus comprises closed incubation chambers and a gas exchange column, designed to remove carbon dioxide from the water. Different types of incubation chambers were designed and built to adapt the system to distinct environments and incubation requirements. The methodology was tested under a comprehensive range of situations and its advantages and limitations are discussed. Overall, the method provides precise measurements of community carbon dioxide fluxes, through a fast and non-intrusive process, allowing repeatable in situ measurements of carbon uptake both in submerged and air-exposed conditions. As the experimental apparatus is identical, directly comparable measurements of air-exposed and submerged community production may be obtained, allowing sound estimates of daily carbon budgets of intertidal and shallow subtidal communities.     

Organic matter dynamics and budgets in the turbidity maximum zone of the Seine Estuary (France)

Organic matter was studied in the turbidity maximum zone (TMZ) of the Seine Estuary during 8 tidal cycles from April to October in 2001, 2002 and 2003, covering a salinity range from 0 to 27. The hydrological conditions were quite varied (extremely wet in 2001, unusually dry in 2003). A particularly striking feature is the high organic matter content in the suspended solids (SS) of the Seine estuary (4–5%).     

Modelling ecosystem functions and properties at different time and spatial scales in shallow coastal lagoons: An application of the LOICZ biogeochemical model

The Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) biogeochemical model (LBM) was applied at different temporal and spatial scales in 17 Italian lagoons of the LaguNet network (http://www.dsa.unipr.it/lagunet). A series of alternative assumptions taking into account benthic vegetation and sedimentary fluxes were introduced and compared with the classical LBM approach at various time scales. The reliability of the LBM application to the seventeen Italian lagoons was tested by comparison to a pool of shallow coastal systems from the global LOICZ database with comparable depths and sizes. The nutrient loads of the Italian sites can be considered relatively low, particularly for dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). Although the median values of estimated internal transformations (source-sink) of both dissolved inorganic phosphorous and nitrogen at the LaguNet sites were comparable with the selected LOICZ sites, the positive and negative extreme values were one order of magnitude lower. Overall, the LBM applications to the Italian sites gave good quality budgets for shallow systems subjected to relatively low nutrient inputs and with a wide range of primary producer communities, including seagrass, macroalgae and phytoplankton. Furthermore, stoichiometry of Carbon:Nitrogen:Phosphorous for the different primary producer groups allowed the integration of previous studies by identifying a series of relationships between nutrient loads and ecosystem functions.     

恩诺沙星在凡纳滨对虾体内的代谢和残留消除规律

在26±2℃水温下,每天投喂含有恩诺沙星药物的饲料,研究恩诺沙星在凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vanname肌肉、肠和肝胰脏组织中的代谢和残留消除规律。残留药物用乙腈提取,液相色谱串联质谱仪检测。结果表明:恩诺沙星在凡纳滨对虾体内可代谢为环丙沙星,对虾体内同时有恩诺沙星和环丙沙星两种药物残留;环丙沙星在肌肉、肝胰脏和肠组织中的消除时间分别为6、8、10 d,而恩诺沙星在这三组织中的消除时间则为12、14、16 d。建议把肠作为该药残留监控的靶组织,凡纳滨对虾的休药期不少于16 d。