辐射板强化喷管换热与红外抑制效果试验研究

试验研究了在发动机喷管中加装金属辐射板前后,喷管壁面温度、热喷流温度与喷管红外辐射特征的变化。结果表明,加装金属辐射板后,热喷流与喷管壁面之间的热量传递显著增强,热喷流中心温度降低,壁面温度明显升高,在90°方向上,热喷流3～5μm波段的红外辐射强度降低了38.5%。文中从热喷流、喷管壁面以及金属辐射板等相关部件的温度变化情况对红外辐射强度的变化原因进行了解释。      

Imaging Borrelly

The nucleus, coma, and dust jets of short-period Comet 19P/Borrelly were imaged from the Deep Space 1 spacecraft during its close flyby in September 2001. A prominent jet dominated the near-nucleus coma and emanated roughly normal to the long axis of nucleus from a broad central cavity. We show it to have remained fixed in position for more than 34 hr, much longer than the 26-hr rotation period. This confirms earlier suggestions that it is co-aligned with the rotation axis. From a combination of fitting the nucleus light curve from approach images and the nucleus' orientation from stereo images at encounter, we conclude that the sense of rotation is right-handed around the main jet vector. The inferred rotation pole is approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the nucleus, consistent with a simple rotational state. Lacking an existing IAU comet-specific convention but applying a convention provisionally adopted for asteroids, we label this the north pole. This places the sub-solar latitude at ∼60° N at the time of the perihelion with the north pole in constant sunlight and thus receiving maximum average insolation.     

How Fast the Nucleus of Comet Hale–Bopp was Rotating?

At the First International Conference on Comet Hale–Bopp(Canaries, 1998) many astronomers agreed with the value of theperiod of axial rotation of its nucleus, which was obtained byobservers by a comparison of the two sequential patterns of thedust arcs. It was noted that the pattern had been repeated each∼12 hours. The value 11.35^h was taken as the periodof axial rotation. However, alternative periods of 4 and 8 days havealso been suggested. The possible reasons for thisdiscrepancy are discussed. It is shown that a short period could be obtained by a misidentification of the same arc on twosequential images and, as a result, an overestimate of theradial velocity of dust in the arcs. To obtain the half day period one must take the projected velocity of the arc ∼ 1.6 km/s,which exceeds the H₂O gas expansion velocity. If one takes a lower expansion velocity a longer period would be obtained.     

Doppler radar sounding of volcanic eruption dynamics at Mount Etna

Besides their common use in atmospheric studies, Doppler radars are promising tools for the active remote sensing of volcanic eruptions but were little applied to this field. We present the observations made with a mid-power UHF Doppler radar (Voldorad) during a 7-h Strombolian eruption at the SE crater of Mount Etna on 11–12 October 1998. Main characteristics of radar echoes are retrieved from analysis of Doppler spectra recorded in the two range gates on either side of the jet axis. From the geometry of the sounding, the contribution of uprising and falling ejecta to each Doppler spectrum can be discriminated. The temporal evolution of total power backscattered by uprising targets is quite similar to the temporal evolution of the volcanic tremor and closely reproduces the overall evolution of the eruption before, during and after its paroxysm. Moreover, during the sharp decrease of eruptive activity following the paroxysm, detailed analysis of video (from camera recording), radar and seismic measurements reveals that radar and video signals start to decrease simultaneously, approximately 2.5 min after the tremor decline. This delay is interpreted as the ascent time through a magma conduit of large gas slugs from a shallow source roughly estimated at about 500 m beneath the SE crater. Detailed analysis of eruptive processes has been also made with Voldorad operating in a high sampling rate mode. Signature of individual outburst is clearly identified on the half part of Doppler spectra corresponding to rising ejecta: temporal variations of the backscattered power exhibit quasi periodic undulations, whereas the maximum velocity measured on each spectrum displays a sharp peak at the onset of each outburst followed by a slow decay with time. Periodicity of power variations (between 3.8 and 5.5 s) is in agreement with the occurrence of explosions visually observed at the SE vent. Maximum vertical velocities of over 160 m s^–1 were measured during the paraoxysmal stage and the renewed activity. Finally, by using a simplified model simulating the radar echoes characteristics, we show that when Voldorad is operating in high sampling rate mode, the power and maximum velocity variations are directly related to the difference in size and velocity of particles crossing the antenna beam.Editorial responsibility: A. Woods     

The effect of transient eddy on interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet

Using ERA-40 reanalysis daily data for the period 1958-2002,this study investigated the effect of transient eddy(TE) on the interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet(EASJ) by conducting a detailed dynamical diagnosis.The summer EASJ axis features a significant interannual coherent meridional displacement.Associated with such a meridional displacement,the TE vorticity forcing anomalies are characterized by a meridional dipole pattern asymmetric about the climatological EASJ axis.The TE vorticity forcing anomalies yield barotropic zonal wind tendencies with a phase meridionally leading the zonal wind anomalies,suggesting that they act to reinforce further meridional displacement of the EASJ and favor a positive feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.However,The TE thermal forcing anomalies induce baroclinic zonal wind tendencies that reduce the vertical shear of zonal wind and atmospheric baroclinicity and eventually suppress the TE activity,favoring a negative feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.Although the two types of TE forcing tend to have opposite feedback roles,the TE vorticity forcing appears to be dominant in the TE effect on the time-mean flow.     

渭河流域一次致洪暴雨过程的中尺度滤波分析

利用常规高空观测资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的再分析资料以及25点低通滤波技术,对2003年8月28—29日发生在渭河流域的一次致洪暴雨进行了中尺度分析和探讨,分析出中尺度环流演变特征,总结了渭河流域致洪暴雨的概念模型,认为这次暴雨过程中在以西南气流为主的平均气流场上隐藏着尺度较中尺度平均流场小得多的涡旋,其移动方向和发展程度决定了强降水落区及其强度;高空西风风速脉动与低层南风风速脉动耦合形成了中尺度次级环流圈,其上升支为强降水提供了足够的动力抬升机制;而850 hPa低空急流、700 hPa中尺度低涡、南风脉动以及高空西风风速脉动等条件的合理配置是中尺度次级环流形成的必备因素;地面中尺度辐合线是本次暴雨的触发机制。     

山东一次区域性暴雨中尺度特征分析

利用常规资料、地面自动站资料、FY2C卫星云图TBB和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2009年5月9—10日发生在山东的春季区域性暴雨进行分析和研究。结果表明:①强降水是在低层冷空气和深厚西南暖湿气流交汇的过程中产生的,副高异常偏强,制约850～700hPa切变线和地面辐合线停滞少动,产生较长时间的降水。②地面辐合线的形成和维持激发了边界层的辐合上升运动,为暴雨区提供了充足的水汽,冷空气从边界层楔入,与暖湿气流汇合并抬升暖湿气流辐合上升,使上升运动加强,降水增幅。③中尺度对流系统是造成暴雨的主要中尺度系统,多个单体更迭并移经同一区域,形成"列车效应"而产生区域性暴雨。④雷达径向速度图中逆风区和不同高度(超)低空急流的大小对短时强降水预报有一定的指示意义。     

黄淮流域一次飑线天气的数值模拟与分析

利用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料和探空资料,对2009年6月3日发生在黄淮流域的强飑线天气过程进行诊断分析,并采用WRF模式进行天气过程模拟和进一步研究。结果表明：本次飑线天气是东北冷涡后部横槽引导冷空气南下与南方暖湿气流相遇引发的。地面干线附近是雷暴和飑线的高发区。这次飑线天气发生在高空急流减弱之际、低空急流建立之前。高低空急流的U、V风分量变化对飑线有一定的指示意义。不同阶段的飑线降水和大风出现位置不同。     

山东半岛典型冷涡暴雪个例对流云及风场特征的观测与模拟

利用卫星云图、 多普勒天气雷达资料、 常规观测资料和MM5模式模拟结果, 分析了2005年12月4日典型冷涡造成山东半岛暴雪的云带变化、 对流单体的生成与发展、 低空急流特征及雷达强回波带的变化特征。结果表明： 冬季冷涡携带强冷空气南下, 经过渤海暖湿下垫面后影响山东半岛时, 卫星云图上从渤海到山东半岛可以清楚地分析出造成暴雪的西南-东北向结构特征的横向云带; 雷达图上, 在渤海到山东半岛形成一强降雪回波带, PPI径向速度图上可清楚地分析出暴雪区的低空急流和中尺度对流的低空辐合, 雷达径向速度垂直剖面反映暴雪产生在零速度线附近和低空急流的存在; MM5模式模拟结果显示： 暴雪发生时山东半岛在1.5 km存在低空急流, 水平风的时间-高度垂直剖面反映暴雪发生时干冷空气经过暖湿的渤海海面在700 hPa以下出现暖平流, 垂直上升运动和散度的低层辐合、 高层辐散与雷达图像反映的强降雪回波是相对应的。     

甘肃河东一次区域性暴雨天气过程分析

2008年7月20～22日甘肃河东出现了一次区域性暴雨天气,对这次过程的环流形势演变、主要影响系统和物理量场特征进行分析.结果表明:在有利的环流形势下,高原低涡东移发展是造成此次强降水的主要系统;低空急流为此次暴雨提供了充足的水汽;低层辐合、高层辐散的流场形势引起强烈上升运动,为暴雨的发生和维持提供了很好的动力条件,保证了降水云系的发展和维持;比湿和假相当位温分布对暴雨落区预报有一定的指示意义.