中国南海东部海域气候特征及风浪流极值参数的研究——LAGFD数值模式群的应用

本文采用先进的ＬＡＧＦＤ风、浪数值模式和ＰＯＭ（ＰｒｉｎｃｅｔｏｎＯｃｅａｎＭｏｄｅｌ）三维海流模式对自１９４５～１９９５年间发生并影响南海东部海域的２９９个历史最强热带气旋过程进行数值后报,给出了南海东部部分海域（１９°～２３°Ｎ,１１３°～１１８°Ｅ）中１０００ｍ等深线内６０个点的多年一遇风、浪、流和水位极值,并简要分析了南海东部（１５°～２７°Ｎ,１０８°～１２２°Ｅ）的气候特征,为该海域区域性海洋环境研究与工程开发提供了基础参考数据。     

近30年我国高空风速变化趋势分析

1980-2006年间采用全国119个探空站14个等压面的月平均风速资料,分析了我国高空对流层和平流层下层风速变化的时间和空间特征,并和同期地面风速变化进行了对比.结果表明,我国近27年对流层中下层和对流层上层风速呈下降趋势,年平均风速线性变化速率分别为-0.10 m·s-1·(10a)-1和-0.17 m·s-1·(10a)-1,均未通过0.05显著性水平检验;平流层下层全国年平均风速呈上升趋势,上升速率为0.24 m·s-1·(10a)-1,亦未通过O.05显著性水平检验.同期全国地面风速则呈现更显著的降低趋势,年平均风速线性变化速率为-0.16 m·s-1·(10a)-1,通过了0.05显著性水平检验.我国地面气象站记录的平均风速减弱可能受到大尺度大气环流变化的影响,更可能与台站附近观测环境变化和城市化等人为因素影响有密切关系.     

包头地区风能资源分布特征分析

利用1979—2008年包头地区各气象站近30年地面观测的风资料,对各地区平均风速、最大风速和风能资源进行了统计计算,给出了包头各地的平均风速、最大风速和风能资源的分布特征,为包头地区合理开发和利用风能资源提供依据。     

2008年10月的一次寒潮天气过程分析

文章选择常规天气以及物理量资料,利用天气学原理分析了2008年10月21—23日发生在包头地区的寒潮天气过程,从中寻求一些有物理意义的预报指标,为今后的预报提供可靠的预报依据。     

Relative quantification of wind erosion in argan woodlands in the Souss Basin,Morocco

The endemic argan woodlands cover large parts of South Morocco and create a characteristic landscape with areas of sparsely vegetated and bare soil surfaces between single trees. This unique ecosystem has been under extensive agrosilvopastoral management for centuries and is now at risk of degradation caused by overgrazing and increasing scarcity and variability of rainfall. To investigate susceptibility to wind erosion, we conducted an experimental–empirical study including wind tunnel tests and a drone-generated digital elevation model and quantified wind-erodible material on five different associated surface types by means of sediment catchers. The highest emission flux was measured on freshly ploughed surfaces (1875 g m^–2 h^–1), while older ploughed areas with a re-established crust produced a much lower emission flux (795 g m^–2 h^–1). Extensive tillage may have been a sustainable practice for generations, but increasing drought and uncertainty of rainfall now lead to an acute risk of severe soil erosion and dust production. The typical crusted surfaces characterized by residual rock fragment accumulation and wash processes produced the second highest emission flux (1,354 g m^–2 h^–1). Material collected from tree-shaded areas (933 g m^–2 h^–1) was revealed to be a considerable source of organic material, possibly affecting substrate conditions positively on a larger regional scale. The lowest flux was measured on rock fragment-covered surfaces (301 g m^–2 h^–1). The data show that open argan woodland may be a considerable source for wind erosion and dust production, depending on surface characteristics strongly related to management. An adapted management must include the conservation of argan trees to offer a promising approach to prevent severe wind erosion and dust production and mitigate possible impacts of land-use change and climate change related shifts in wind and rainfall patterns. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

2003年6月30日梅雨锋大暴雨β和γ中尺度结构的双多普勒雷达反演

2003年6月下旬至7月上旬,淮河流域出现了持续强暴雨,文中使用双多普勒雷达三维风场反演技术(MUSCAT)对6月29～30日合肥和马鞍山多普勒雷达探测到的暴雨资料进行了三维风场反演,对暴雨系统的中尺度三维动力结构进行了研究。此次梅雨锋暴雨是由β中尺度辐合带和嵌在辐合带上的γ中尺度涡旋共同作用引起的,辐合带上的波动活动对降水具有重要的触发和维持作用。在强降水时段的前期,无为附近中低层的γ中尺度涡旋在东—西走向的中尺度辐合带上自西向东移动,γ涡旋的移动与主雨区的移动基本同步,γ中尺度波动是该时段暴雨的重要动力因素;与此同时,在雨带的北区,γ中尺度涡旋活动比较频繁,但基本上是局地生消;在后期,西南暖湿气流和西风辐合,形成雨带上空的β中尺度辐合带,辐合带随着降水的减弱而减弱;最后,给出了此次暴雨的三维动力结构。     

Macrozoobenthic community structure in a large shallow lake: Disentangling the effect of eutrophication and wind-wave disturbance

Biological communities in shallow lakes are often subject to the combined effects of eutrophication and wind-wave disturbance. However, their relative importance in regulating macrozoobenthic community assembly has not been well addressed. In the present study, a monthly sampling of macrozoobenthos and environmental parameters was conducted at ten sites from December 2012 to November 2013 in Lake Hongze, the fourth largest freshwater lake in China, which has undergone serious water quality deterioration over the past few decades. A total of 30 taxa were recorded during the 12 sampling occasions, including 6 chironomids, 6 bivalves, 4 gastropods, 4 oligochaetes, 4 polychaetes, 4 crustaceans and 2 other aquatic insects. The mean abundance and biomass of total macrozoobenthos varied greatly among the ten sites and presented distinctive taxonomic composition between the protected bays and the offshore zone. Three eutrophication parameters (including permanganate index (COD_Mn), chlorophyll a, and total phosphorus in surficial sediments) and three wind-wave variables (including Secchi depth, turbidity, and mean effective fetch) were highly related to spatial variation of macrozoobenthic assemblages. When eutrophication variables were controlled, there was a significant correlation between community similarity and wind-wave disturbance condition, and vice versa. Variation partitioning showed that wind wave disturbance explained 15.9% of the variation in benthic community composition, slightly lower than that explained by eutrophication (17.9%). These results indicate that wind-wave disturbance is as important as eutrophication in regulating benthic community structure in this large shallow lake. Wind-wave disturbance imposed opposite effects on benthic community relative to eutrophication, and were more prominent in the offshore zone weakening the role of eutrophication.     

Sediment resuspension under action of wind in Taihu Lake,China

A field study was undertaken to investigate the changes of the current speed, wave parameters and sediment resuspension under different wind speeds in the Taihu Lake. The Acoustic Doppler Current Profi...     

Stochastic dynamic stiffness of a surface footing for offshore wind turbines: Implementing a subset simulation method to estimate rare events

The purpose of this study, which concerns the stochastic dynamic stiffness of foundations for large offshore wind turbines, is to quantify uncertainties related to the first natural frequency of a turbine supported by a surface footing and to estimate the low event probabilities. Herein, a simple model of a wind turbine structure with equivalent coupled springs at the base is calibrated with the mean soil property values. A semianalytical solution, based on the Green׳s function for a layered half-space is utilized for estimation of foundation responses. Soil elastic modulus and layer depth are considered as random variables with lognormal distributions. The uncertainties are quantified, and the estimation of rare events of the first natural frequency is discussed through an advanced reliability approach based on subset simulation. This analysis represents a first step in the estimation of the safety with respect to the failure of a turbine in the fatigue limit state.     

Plume rise and spread in a linearly stratified environment

We present analyses of plume rise into a linearly stratified environment, either with or without a uniform horizontal flow. In the case of a still ambient, we collate results on plume spreading height and volume flux, enabling the speed of the spreading intrusion in the buoyancy-inertia regime to be expressed in terms of the fundamental parameters of plume buoyancy flux and ambient buoyancy frequency. A theoretical expression for the final volume flux emanating from the plume-rise region, in terms of maximum rise height, is also derived. Hence it is shown that the ratio of the intrusion radius to the maximum rise height is a simple function of ambient buoyancy frequency and time. In the case of a wind, we analyse the theoretical model for a rising plume to obtain predictions for the downwind volume flux, and subsequent lateral spread, in the limits of strong and weak wind. We identify a regime of very weak wind, which may be modelled as a passive advection of plume flow in the still case as a first approximation. Numerical solutions of a general model are presented which show that it predicts a peak in entrainment, and hence volume-flux growth, in the case of intermediate wind strength. We verify the crosswind model predictions of lateral spread, upwind penetration and entrainment by comparison with large-eddy simulations.