Use of field reflectance data for crop mapping using airborne hyperspectral image

Recent developments in hyperspectral remote sensing technologies enable acquisition of image with high spectral resolution, which is typical to the laboratory or in situ reflectance measurements. There has been an increasing interest in the utilization of in situ reference reflectance spectra for rapid and repeated mapping of various surface features. Here we examined the prospect of classifying airborne hyperspectral image using field reflectance spectra as the training data for crop mapping. Canopy level field reflectance measurements of some important agricultural crops, i.e. alfalfa, winter barley, winter rape, winter rye, and winter wheat collected during four consecutive growing seasons are used for the classification of a HyMAP image acquired for a separate location by (1) mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF), (2) spectral feature fitting (SFF), and (3) spectral angle mapper (SAM) methods. In order to answer a general research question “what is the prospect of using independent reference reflectance spectra for image classification”, while focussing on the crop classification, the results indicate distinct aspects. On the one hand, field reflectance spectra of winter rape and alfalfa demonstrate excellent crop discrimination and spectral matching with the image across the growing seasons. On the other hand, significant spectral confusion detected among the winter barley, winter rye, and winter wheat rule out the possibility of existence of a meaningful spectral matching between field reflectance spectra and image. While supporting the current notion of “non-existence of characteristic reflectance spectral signatures for vegetation”, results indicate that there exist some crops whose spectral signatures are similar to characteristic spectral signatures with possibility of using them in image classification.     

NASA World Wind海量离散地形显示技术研究

虚拟数字地球需要解决大范围海量地形快速显示问题。本文在对World Wind海量地形显示机理和地形数据LOD分层组织深入研究基础上,提出了基于ArcMap的离散地形分层切割流程,开发了与World Wind三维地形显示数据模型匹配的分层切割软件,对海量离散地形按不同分块大小和层次切割后的显示效率和效果进行了分析,结果表明World Wind能实现不同尺度地形数据的快速三维可视化。     

双叶模型在冬小麦田冠层CO2通量多层模拟中的应用

综合考虑农田生态系统中水、热、CO2输送所涉及的大气、水文、生物等生物物理过程,以Farquhar等提出的叶片尺度光合作用生物化学过程机理模型为理论基础,对其进行空间尺度扩展,并改进冠层分层方法,建立了均匀农田与大气之间物质输送和能量交换的多层模式,在模式中运用双叶模型,同时考虑叶片氮素水平垂直差异,对2008年4—5月华北平原冬小麦生长旺季农田生态系统中冠层CO2通量进行了模拟研究,并利用涡度相关观测的通量数据对模型的有效性加以验证,结果表明:在冠层多层空间,小麦拔节至孕穗期和开花至乳熟期叶片氮含量随冠层高度的衰减系数分别为0.793(R2=0.698)和1.374(R2=0.728),冠层内叶片氮含量的空间分布可以用以相对累积叶面积指数为自变量的函数来描述;模型分别计算各层阴、阳叶的光截取、气孔传导、光合作用等,最终计算冠层上方CO2通量,冬小麦农田净生态系统生产力模拟值与实测值相关显著(R2=0.78),模拟的CO2通量日变化特征晴天昼间比阴雨天和夜间的效果好;在考虑丛聚影响的叶片非随机分布的密集农田中,阴叶对总初始生产力的贡献率在35.7%左右,对生产力贡献很重要。分层统计显示,作物最终产量的形成主要...     

一次短时暴雨WP-3000边界层风廓线雷达回波分析

运用风廓线雷达产品等对2010年7月20日南京浦口区短时暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：根据风廓线雷达产品和多普勒雷达产品在暴雨过程中的表现特征,发现在整个降水过程的不同时间段,风廓线雷达产品的水平风廓线、信号噪声比、垂直气流和折射率结构常数,以及多普勒雷达产品的基本反射率、风廓线等均表现出非常明显的特征,并且两者产品有着较好的对应关系。利用雷达回波图像可以直观反映降水过程中大气的变化情况,证明了风廓线雷达产品对暴雨等强对流天气预测作用显著。     

一次短时暴雨WP-3000边界层风廓线雷达回波与多普勒雷达回波分析

运用风廓线雷达产品等对2010年7月20日出现在南京浦口区短时暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：根据风廓线雷达产品和多普勒雷达产品在暴雨过程中的表现特征,发现在整个降水过程的不同时间段,风廓线雷达产品的水平风廓线、信号噪声比、垂直气流和折射率结构常数,以及多普勒雷达产品的基本反射率、风廓线等都表现出非常明显的特征,并且两者产品有着较好的对应关系。利用雷达回波图像可以直观地反映降水过程中大气的变化情况,证明了风廓线雷达产品对暴雨等强对流天气预测起着重要作用。     

Analysis of the thickness of a fresh water lens and of the transition zone between this lens and upwelling saline water

In regions with saline groundwater, fresh water lenses may develop due to rainwater infiltration. The amount of fresh water that is available for e.g. agricultural crops depends on the thickness of the lens and the extent of mixing between fresh and saline water. In this paper, we consider the mixing of fresh water and upward moving saline ground water in low-lying deltaic areas. The parameters that dominate the flow and transport problem are investigated using dimensionless groups and scaled sensitivities. We characterize the numerically simulated thicknesses of the lens and of the mixing zone by spatial moments. Rayleigh number and mass flux ratio, which is the ratio of the salt water seepage and the precipitation, determine the thickness of the fresh water lens. The local thickness of the mixing zone is mainly influenced by the dispersive/diffusive groups and the mass flux ratio. In addition, convergence of streamlines towards an outflow boundary affects the thickness, particularly in the vicinity of this boundary.Analytical and numerical steady state solutions for lens thickness are compared, taking into account upward seepage, for the two cases with and without a density difference between lens and underlying groundwater. Agreement between the numerical and analytical solutions for the lens thickness is good except when the mass flux ratio becomes small. For zero mass flux ratio, it is implicitly assumed in the analytical solution that salt water is stagnant, and that is unrealistic. Relative contributions of longitudinal and transversal hydrodynamic dispersion and diffusion to the thickness of the mixing zone are quantified numerically for different phases of lens formation. Longitudinal dispersion dominates in the early stages of lens formation, while diffusion and transversal dispersion dominate at steady state.     

塑料套管混凝土桩挤土效应现场试验

结合申嘉湖杭高速公路练杭段加固软土地基工程开展了塑料套管混凝土桩挤土效应的现场试验研究。设地表观测点观测桩打设过程中桩周土体隆起情况;采用绑定仪器的方形木桩等效模拟塑料套管混凝土桩研究不同时刻桩侧挤土压力和孔隙水压力的变化。结果表明打桩过程中在距桩中心约2.2倍沉管外径处地面隆起量最大,约为沉管外径的17.2%;打设完成第一根相邻桩(距离1.6 m)桩侧土压力及孔隙水压力增大10%～20%,其后随着打设桩距木桩距离的渐远,两次打桩后的土压曲线和孔压曲线变化不大,仅在下部桩端处变化较大;场地内桩打设完毕后,沉桩引起的超孔隙水压力逐步消散。根据实测数据建议塑料套管环刚度控制在8～16级。     

基坑开挖对周边环境影响的试验研究

通过基坑开挖的变形测量实例,观测到基坑开挖时坡后土体的沉降和水平位移具有相关性,可以由实测的土体水平位移推算坡后不同深度土层的沉降量,并分别从土体沉降量和沉降曲线的斜率两种特性来确定基坑开挖在坡后土体中产生形变的范围。在判断影响范围时,单纯以建筑物距基坑距离与基坑深度的比值b/H来确定不够准确,应同时考虑基础埋深和沉降分布曲线的形状。     

The monsoon imprint during the ‘atypical’ MIS 13 as seen through north and equatorial Indian Ocean records

Previous studies have suggested that Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 13, recognized as atypical in many paleoclimate records, is marked by the development of anomalously strong summer monsoons in the northern tropical areas. To test this hypothesis, we performed a multi-proxy study on three marine records from the tropical Indian Ocean in order to reconstruct and analyse changes in the summer Indian monsoon winds and precipitations during MIS 13. Our data confirm the existence of a low-salinity event during MIS 13 in the equatorial Indian Ocean but we argue that this event should not be considered as “atypical”. Taking only into account a smaller precession does not make it possible to explain such precipitation episode. However, when considering also the larger obliquity in a more complete orbitally driven monsoon “model,” one can successfully explain this event. In addition, our data suggest that intense summer monsoon winds, although not atypical in strength, prevailed during MIS 13 in the western Arabian Sea. These strong monsoon winds, transporting important moisture, together with the effect of insolation and Eurasian ice sheet, are likely one of the factors responsible for the intense monsoon precipitation signal recorded in China loess, as suggested by model simulations.