采用耗能减震装置修复震后有损伤钢筋混凝土框架的试验研究

本文通过地震模拟振动台试验研究用耗能减震装置修复后震后有损伤钢筋混凝土框架的效果和可行性，文中制作了两层和三层两座钢筋混凝土剪切型框架，首先进行了地震损伤模拟试验，其次提出了震后有损伤结构的参数识别方法，修复准则和修复用耗能减震装置的设计准则；在此基础上，采用了软钢屈服型耗能器驿两座试验框架在地震损伤后进行修复，并再次对修复后的框架模型进行地震模拟试验，证实了采用这种修复措施可以恢复震后有损伤结构     

Improved representation of breaking wave energy dissipation in parametric wave transformation models

An improved formulation to describe breaking wave energy dissipation is presented and incorporated into a previous parametric cross-shore wave transformation model [Baldock, T.E., Holmes, P., Bunker, S., Van Weert, P., 1998. Cross-shore hydrodynamics within an unsaturated surf zone. Coastal Engineering 34, 173–196]. The new formulation accounts for a term in the bore dissipation equation neglected in some previous modelling, but which is shown to be important in the inner surf zone. The only free model parameter remains the choice of γ, the ratio of wave height to water depth at initial breaking, and a well-established standard parameter is used for all model runs. The proposed model is compared to three sets of experimental data and a previous version of the model which was extensively calibrated against field and laboratory data. The model is also compared to the widely used model presented by Thornton and Guza (1983) [Thornton, E.B., Guza, R.T., 1983. Transformation of wave height distribution. Journal of Geophysical Research 88 (No.C10), 5925–5938].     

Nonlinear saturation-based whitecapping dissipation in SWAN for deep and shallow water

This study investigates the effectiveness of a revised whitecapping source term in the spectral wind wave model SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) that is local in frequency space, nonlinear with respect to the variance density and weakly dependent on the wave age. It is investigated whether this alternative whitecapping expression is able to correct the tendency towards underprediction of period measures that has been identified in the default SWAN model. This whitecapping expression is combined with an alternative wind input source term that is more accurate for young waves than the default expression. The shallow water source terms of bottom friction, depth-induced breaking and triad interaction are left unaltered. It is demonstrated that this alternative source term combination yields improved agreement with fetch- and depth-limited growth curves. Moreover, it is shown, by means of a field case over a shelf sea, that the investigated model corrects the erroneous overprediction of wind-sea energy displayed by the default model under combined swell-sea conditions. For a selection of field cases recorded at two shallow lakes, the investigated model generally improves the agreement with observed spectra and integral parameters. The improvement is most notable in the prediction of period measures.     

Calculations of wave transformation across the surf zone

The accuracy of predicting wave transformation in the nearshore is very important to wave hydrodynamics, sediment transport and design of coastal structures. An efficient numerical model based on the time-dependent mild-slope equation is presented in this paper for the estimation of wave deformation across the surf zone. This model incorporates an approximate nonlinear shoaling formula and an energy dissipation factor due to wave breaking to improve the accuracy of the calculation of wave height deformation prior to wave breaking and also in the surf zone. The model also computes the location of first wave breaking, wave recovery and second wave breaking, if physical condition permits. Good agreement is found upon comparison with experimental data over several one-dimensional beach profiles, including uniform slope, bar and step profiles.     

Modeling of the Turbulence in the Water Column under Breaking Wind Waves

Past studies have shown that there is a wave-enhanced, near-surface mixed-layer in which the dissipation rate is greater than that derived from the “law of the wall”. In this study, turbulence in water columns under wind breaking waves is investigated numerically and analytically. Improved estimations of dissipation rate are parameterized as surface source of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) for a more accurate modelling of vertical profile of velocity and TKE in the water column. The simulation results have been compared with the experimental results obtained by Cheung and Street (1988) and Kitaigorodskii et al. (1983), with good agreement. The results show that the numerical full model can well simulate the near-surface wave-enhanced layer and suggest that the vertical diffusive coefficients are highly empirical and related to the TKE diffusion, the shear production and the dissipation. Analytical solutions of TKE are also derived for near surface layer and in deep water respectively. Near the surface layer, the dissipation rate is assumed to be balanced by the TKE diffusion to obtain the analytical solution; however, the balance between the dissipation and the shear production is applied at the deep layer. The analytical results in various layers are compared with that of the full numerical model, which confirms that the wave-enhanced layer near the surface is a diffusion-dominated region. The influence of the wave energy factor is also examined, which increases the surface TKE flux with the wave development. Under this region, the water behavior transits to satisfy the classic law of the wall. Below the transition depth, the shear production dominantly balances the dissipation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Magnetic and viscous coupling at the core–mantle boundary: inferences from observations of the Earth's nutations

Dissipative core–mantle coupling is evident in observations of the Earth's nutations, although the source of this coupling is uncertain. Magnetic coupling occurs when conducting materials on either side of the boundary move through a magnetic field. In order to explain the nutation observations with magnetic coupling, we must assume a high (metallic) conductivity on the mantle side of the boundary and a rms radial field of 0.69 mT. Much of this field occurs at short wavelengths, which cannot be observed directly at the surface. High levels of short-wavelength field impose demands on the power needed to regenerate the field through dynamo action in the core. We use a numerical dynamo model from the study of Christensen & Aubert (2006) to assess whether the required short-wavelength field is physically plausible. By scaling the numerical solution to a model with sufficient short-wavelength field, we obtain a total ohmic dissipation of 0.7–1 TW, which is within current uncertainties. Viscous coupling is another possible explanation for the nutation observations, although the effective viscosity required for this is 0.03 m² s⁻¹ or higher. Such high viscosities are commonly interpreted as an eddy viscosity. However, physical considerations and laboratory experiments limit the eddy viscosity to 10⁻⁴ m² s⁻¹, which suggests that viscous coupling can only explain a few percent of the dissipative torque between the core and the mantle.     

密肋复合墙板耗能性能及地震损伤分析

根据15榀1/2比例密肋复合墙板在单调及低周反复荷载作用下的试验结果,对这种新型复合墙板的破坏形态、滞回性能、耗能能力和累积损伤模型等进行了分析,探讨了墙板累积损伤的发展过程和发育规律,提出了阶段损伤指数的概念,并通过损伤模型计算的破损结果与试件实际破坏特征对比,确定了墙板的阶段损伤界限值,可供工程实际抗震设计和评估参考。     

ON THE THEORIES OF HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY

Hydraulic geometry is of fundamental importance in planning, design, and management of river engineering and training works. Although some concepts of hydraulic geometry were proposed toward the end of the nineteenth century, the real impetus toward formulating a theory of hydraulic geometry was provided by the work of Leopold and Maddock (1953). A number of theories have since been proposed. Some of the theories are interrelated but others are based on quite different principles. All theories, however, assume that the river flow is steady and uniform and the river tends to attain a state of equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium. The differences are due to the differences in hydraulic mechanisms that the theories employ to explain the attainment of equilibrium by the river.     

冰雪融水沟谷纵剖面的形态与演化模式

冰雪融水是冰川泥石流的一种主要激发动力。冰雪融水沿程(s)流量Qs=q0(S1/2-s^2/2S)。其沟谷纵剖面形态模式近似为抛物线型：h/H=(s/S)^N。冰雪融水泥石流流域水文地貌系统的熵可用沟谷纵剖面形态指数N来表征：信息熵P=In[(N 2)/2]-N/(N 2)，超熵δxP=N^3(N^2-4)(N 2)，[32(6-N)]。冰雪融水沟谷纵剖面演化的最小能耗模式表现为沿程流速平均值u↑-与N值成正比：u↑-∝(N)。f(N)为流速函数，f(N)={2/3—2/[(N 1)(N 3)]}^1/2；冰雪融水泥石流沟的各地貌发育阶段开始时的u↑-值之比为：泥石流发展阶段(N=0．62)1．0；泥石流旺盛阶段(N=1．23)1．182；泥石流衰减阶段(N=2．0)1．280；流域稳定阶段(N=3．71)1．361。以藏东南典型冰雪融水泥石流沟谷为例，检验了上述沟谷纵剖面之形态与演化模式。     

Justification of the Inertial Dissipation Technique in Anisotropic Mean Flow

The inertial dissipation technique has been successfully employed for many years to measure the wind stress, especially over the open ocean. This method is based on Kolmogorov's theoretical prediction of universality in the inertial wavenumber range. The theory was developed under the assumption of locally isotropic turbulence, and the dissipation technique has been criticized as lacking justification in a boundary-layer shear flow. In this paper, Kolmogorov's theory is explicitly applied to the anisotropic conditions prevailing in the atmosphere. It is shown that the inertial dissipation method relies on the homogeneity and isotropy of the spectrum _ii(k) for k in the inertial range. This is a weaker condition than Kolmogorov's assumption of isotropy of the correlation function B_ij(r). In high-Reynolds-number shear flows, isotropy of _ii(k) is realized to a good approximation, whereas isotropy of B_ij(r) is not. Some consequences for the experimental implementation are discussed; in particular, sampling times (block lengths) not exceeding the order of the eddy life time are recommended in the calculation of spectra.