利用非金属矿制备白炭黑现状及发展前景

简术了白炭黑的用途和制备方法，综述了利用非金属矿制备白炭黑的方法和技术现状，对充分利用非金属矿制备白炭黑提供思路并展望其发展前景。     

中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)血细胞中一氧化氮合成酶的鉴定及其在白斑综合症病毒感染过程中的变化

诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)在生物机体免疫，特别在无脊椎动物免疫中的作用近来得到了广泛的关注，由其催化产生的一氧化氯(NO)除具有已知的神经传导、松弛平滑肌等功能外，还具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗寄生虫等作用。作者通过硝基四氯唑蓝(NBT)法和血细胞形态观察等方法，对中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)血细胞中存在的诱导型一氧化氮合成酶进行了初步鉴定。在此基础上，通过亚硝酸盐法和L-瓜氨酸法对比，研究了感染白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)后中国明对虾血细胞中一氧化氯合成酶的变化情况。结果显示，中国明对虾在感染WSSV后，iNOS活性在12h内有上升趋势，实验36h后酶活性显著下降，至60h后酶活性降至对照组的一半左右。同时，被脂多糖(LPS)诱导的一氧化氮合成酶活性与对照相比也有显著下降。与此对应的是，核酸探针斑点杂交法检测病毒的结果显示：实验36h后在对虾体内能够检测到白斑综合症病毒。对照组中国明对虾血细胞的iNOS在实验过程中基本保持稳定。这说明WSSV在感染中国明对虾初期可以诱导血细胞产生iNOS，但随着WSSV在中国明对虾体内的大量增殖及其对血细胞的破坏，使得iNOS活性显著降低，对虾也趋于死亡。因此，iNOS能够作为反映对虾在病毒感染过程中健康状况的有效指标。     

硬戈壁沙漠杂波研究

对新疆库尔勒地区硬戈壁沙漠地杂波进行了研究．得到了Ｃ波段低擦地角（０．１°－７°）下有色杂波值，其值范围为－６０－－２０ｄＢ；并进行了白化处理，得到相应此有色杂波的白色杂波值，其值为一常数－２５ｄＢ，其电压幅度为±０．８Ｖ，不随擦地角变化．     

基于改进White方法的地下水蒸散发研究

在依赖地下水的植被广泛分布的干旱半干旱地区,蒸散发是地下水排泄的主要方式,因而准确计算地下水蒸散发量,对地下水资源评价具有重要意义。目前水量残差法、地下水极限埋深法和地下水水位日动态法可以用于计算地下水蒸散发量,由于地下水动态信息容易获取,长期以来得到广泛关注。分析了利用地下水动态信息的White方法在计算地下水净补给量方面的不足之处,提出了改进的White方法,即利用相邻两天地下水位上升段的平均斜率计算地下水的净补给量,并利用数值模拟方法对改进的White方法的计算精度进行了评价,表明改进后的方法较原始方法精度提高了16%。最后利用苏贝淖流域实测的地下水动态数据,采用改进的White方法计算了地下水蒸散发量。研究成果对干旱区水资源可持续开发利用具有一定的科学意义和应用价值。     

GENDER,CLASS, AND URBAN SPACE: PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPACE IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN LANDSCAPES

Informed by feminist debates about the distinction between public and private in western urban societies, this article examines some urban landscapes created or transformed in recent decades with a view to assessing the extent to which emancipatory conceptions of gender are apparent. Evidence drawn from the city of Edinburgh shows how divisions between public space and private space operate at different scales and take different forms in different neighborhoods. These forms illustrate how gender and class are interwoven in demarcations between and connotations of public and private spaces. In one of the neighborhoods examined, some breaking down of traditional gender connotations of public and private spaces is detected, a process that is closely associated with privileged middle-class lifestyles.     

Volcanic emissions of metals and halogens from White Island (New Zealand) and Erebus volcano (Antarctica) determined with chemical traps

Volcanic emission rates of As, Sb, Pb, Hg, Se, Cl, and F were determined at Erebus volcano, Antarctica and White Island, New Zealand, using chemical traps. The trace metal fluxes were determined by combining the species to S ratios in the solutions with SO₂ emission rates measured by correlation spectrometry at the two volcanoes. At Erebus volcano, fluxes for the metals Pb and Hg were 2.0 × 10^− 4 and 8.1 × 10^− 6 kg s^− 11, respectively. Fluxes for Cl, F, As, Sb and Se (0.35, 0.15, 2.5 × 10^− 4, 1.2 × 10^− 5, and 4.5 × 10^− 6 kg s^− 1, respectively) agreed within error limits for values determined previously by the LiOH impregnated filter method [Zreda-Gostynska, G., Kyle, P., Finnegan, D., Prestbo, K., 1997. Volcanic gas emissions from Mount Erebus and their impact on the Antarctic environment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102(B7): 15039–15055.], demonstrating the utility of the chemical trap method. A fall in the As/S ratio from 7 × 10^− 4 in 1997/1999 to 3 × 10^− 4 in 2000 at Erebus coincided with a change in the frequency and style of eruptive activity that may have been due to injection of magma into the system. At White Island, chemical trap data indicated fluxes of Cl = 0.90, F = 0.0079, Pb = 2.7 × 10^− 4, Hg = 1.1 × 10^− 5, As = 1.3 × 10^− 4, Sb = 1.9 × 10^− 5 and Se = 1.5 × 10^− 5 kg s^− 1. Samples collected 600 m downwind of the active crater were comparable to samples collected adjacent to the main gas vent, showing that this method can still be used at some distance from a degassing vent.     

Annual Mass Balance of Blue Glacier, USA: 1955–97

Mass changes of Blue Glacier, USA are calculated from topographic maps made from vertical aerial photography in late summer of 1939, 1952, 1957, and 1987, along with laser altimetry flown in June 1996. Changes in elevation between maps were adjusted for seasonal variations in the snow cover, and to account for the ablation between the date of photography and 1 October. Topography obtained from the laser altimetry was adjusted for snow thickness and glacier motion to estimate topography of 1 October 1995. The mass of Blue Glacier has changed less than 7 m (water equivalent) during this 56 year period which is minor compared with other glaciers in the region and elsewhere in the world. Glacier-average annual mass balances, beginning in 1956, have been calculated either from stake measurements and probing of late-season snow, or from a regression analysis using late-season measurements of the equilibrium line altitude. A comparison with the changes derived from surface maps shows values obtained from field measurements are too positive by about 0.4 m a^?1 , indicating that considerable caution is needed when interpreting time series of mass balance. Two alternative time series of mass balance consistent with the long-term mass changes are created by making simple adjustments: (1) a single constant is subtracted from each value so that the series is consistent with the 1957–95 mass change; (2) one constant is subtracted from each value over 1957–87 and another is subtracted from each value over 1987-95 so that the series is consistent with both the 1957–87 and 1987–95 mass changes. The mass balance of Blue Glacier was generally positive until the mid-1970s and negative since. The fluctuations of mass balance closely resemble those of snowfall on the glacier as estimated from the joint distribution of temperature and precipitation. The climate in western Washington was cooler and wetter during the decade before the mid-1970s, but the trend since has been towards warmer and drier conditions.     

从岩相古地理论塔里木盆地西南地区石炭系油气潜景

石岩系是塔里木盆地西南地区重要的海相烃源岩和储集岩地层，油气潜力很大，但目前仅发现了1个气田、1个油田和2个油藏，勘探程度很低。本文在岩相古地理和地震地层学岩性岩相研究的基础上，对本区石炭系的烃源岩和储集岩的类型、分布及其与沉积环境的关系进行了研究，对盖层性质和分布，尤其对石炭系经过多次大的构造变动后所形成的油气潜景区进行了较深入的探讨，并指出4个有利的油气勘探地区，即巴楚隆起西端、玛扎塔克断裂带-海米-罗斯断裂带、麦盖提斜坡的北缘、南缘推覆体上盘。同时指出了各有利地区的勘探对策。     

Lake sediment phosphorus release management—Decision support and risk assessment framework

The release of phosphorus (P) from the sediments of eutrophic lakes is often associated with the proliferation of nuisance algal blooms, especially cyanobacteria. The successful implementation of management actions aimed at reducing such algal blooms requires an integrated approach, including both external and internal nutrient loads. The internal load of P can be a significant source of P for primary production, with greatest inputs occurring when lakes stratify and the hypolimnetic waters become anoxic. We reviewed the nature and characteristics of New Zealand lakes in relation to factors which affect the application of technologies to manage internal P loads within individual lakes. New Zealand's windy maritime climate causes lakes to mix more deeply than lakes in continental areas, which are characterised by relatively hot, calm summers. We assessed a range of management options which may be used to control internal P loads, and considered these in a de cision‐support framework aimed at identifying the key factors which may limit successful application. Methods to reduce P release from sediments include: physical approaches—such as artificial destratification, hypolimnetic aeration, enhanced lake flushing, and dredging/discing; and geochemical approaches—such as the application of alum and iron as flocculation agents, and other products as “capping” materials. The capping materials may be either a passive physical barrier (e.g., sand, gravel, clay) or an active barrier. The active barrier systems are generally pervious chemical or geochemical materials capable of binding contaminants by adsorption or precipitation processes. A decision‐support and risk assessment framework is provided to assist managers in the development of appropriate strategies for reducing or controlling internal P loads, and thus cyanobacteria blooms. A review of the sediment characteristics of lakes in the Taupo volcanic zone showed marked variability in sediment P content, and elevated geothermal arsenic concentrations in some lake sediments, which may affect the efficacy of chemical capping agents, indicating that site‐specific consideration of capping agent dose is required.     

Hydrodynamics and Thermodynamics of Newtonian Stars

We investigated spherically symmetric solution for nonrelativistic cosmological fluid equations and thermodynamic equation of state for Newtonian stars. It was shown that the assumption of a polytropic equation, , at the center of the star only suffices to integrate the equations explicitly. Our exact solution yields many fruitful results such as stellar stability, spherical oscillation and collapses of stars. Pressure, temperature, and density profiles inside stars were obtained. Central densities, pressures and temperatures of the Newtonian stars such as Sun, Jupiter and Saturn were also calculated. Collapse and expansion mechanism was explained by the heat transfer mechanism inside star. The upper bound value of white dwarf mass obtained by the Newtonian cosmological fluid equations turns out to be comparable to the static limit of Chandrasekhar one. Motion of the Universe was also discussed within the framework of Newtonian mechanics. Our calculation results without considering nuclear reactions inside stars may be applicable to the formation of protostars.