Generation and propagation of transient nonlinear waves in a wave flume

A semi-analytical nonlinear wavemaker model is derived to predict the generation and propagation of transient nonlinear waves in a wave flume. The solution is very efficient and is achieved by applying eigenfunction expansions and FFT. The model is applied to study the effect of the wavemaker and its motion on the generation and propagation of nonlinear waves. The results indicate that the linear wavemaker theory may be applied to predict only the generation of waves of low steepness for which the nonlinear terms in the kinematic wavemaker boundary condition and free-surface boundary conditions are of secondary importance. For waves of moderate steepness and steep waves these nonlinear terms have substantial effects on wave profile and wave spectrum just after the wavemaker. A wave spectrum corresponding to a sinusoidally moving wavemaker possesses a multi-peak form with substantial nonlinear components, which disturbs or may even exclude physical modeling in wave flumes. The analysis shows that the widely recognized weakly nonlinear wavemaker theory may only be applied to describe the generation and propagation of waves of low steepness. This is subject to further restrictions in shallow and deep waters because the kinematic wavemaker boundary condition as well as the nonlinear interaction of wave components and the evolution of wave energy spectrum is not properly described by weakly nonlinear wavemaker theory. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a wave flume to verify the nonlinear wavemaker model. The comparisons show a reasonable agreement between predicted and measured free-surface elevation and the corresponding amplitudes of Fourier series. A reasonable agreement between theoretical results and experimental data is observed even for fairly steep waves.     

淀山湖有色可溶性有机物的光谱吸收特性

探讨了淀山湖水体中有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)的光谱吸收特性,CDOM与叶绿素a、浊度和COD等水质参数的关系,以及不同波段范围内CDOM光谱吸收形状(指数函数斜率S值)的变化.结果表明:淀山湖CDOM吸收系数不高,在355 nm波长处的吸收系数变化范围是6.95-10.28 m-1,而且湖南区高于湖北区;CDOM吸收系数和叶绿素a、浊度、COD等水质参数的相关性都不高,证明湖中的CDOM主要来自于城镇生活污水和工业废水的排放;CDOM吸收系数在300-500 nm范围内随着波长的增加呈指数递减,超过500 nm之后呈线性递减,在300-500 nm波段范围内指数函数的曲线斜率S为11.7-14.8 μm-1,在501-750 nm波段范围内波长每增1 nm,CDOM的吸收系数减小0.0021 m-1.     

类星体吸收线红移的研究

在此工作中,分析了一个类星体样本的吸收线红移和发射线红移之间的关系。结果表明这两类红移之间存在显著的相关。主要结论:a)反常吸收线红移的主要部分是宇宙学红移;b)吸收体相对于类星体的运动是弱的;c)结果表明产生这些反常吸收线红移的吸收体位于类星体寄主星系或者类星体内部并且朝着类星体运动。     

RADIATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROSOLS AT GOLMUD ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

The characteristics of atmospheric aerosols in the Golmud desert over the Tibetan (Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau are investigated using the measurements made during the QXPMEX-79.Using spectroscopic observations at the surface and satellite data,the aerosol optical depth is calculated,from which the aerosol size distribution is worked out by means of an inversion method.The effects of vertical distribution of aerosols on irradiance and heating rate profiles are investigated using radiation models in conjunction with the assumption of three idealized aerosol profiles.The effect of aerosols on solar irradiance at the surface is also investigated and the results are compared with the observations.It is shown that the solar irradiance can be reduced by up to 100 W m^-2 in the presence of aerosols,and the heating rate can be increased by 1 Kd^-1.     

Intercomparison of NO_x, SO_2, O_3, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons Measured by a Commercial DOAS System and Traditional Point Monitoring Techniques

A field-based Intercomparison study of a commercial Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument (OPSIS AB, Sweden) and different point-sample monitoring techniques (PM, based on an air monitoring station, an air monitoring vehicle, and various chemical methods) was conducted in Beijing from October 1999 to January 2000. The mixing ratios of six trace gases including NO, NO2, SO2, O3, benzene, and toluene were monitored continuously during the four months. A good agreement between the DOAS and PM data was found for NO2 and SO2. However, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, and NO obtained by DOAS were significantly lower than those measured by the point monitors. The ozone levels monitored by the DOAS were generally higher than those measured by point monitors. These results may be attributed to a strong vertical gradient of the NO-O3-NO2 system and of the aromatics at the measurement site. Since the exact data evaluation algorithm is not revealed by the manufacturer of the DOAS sys     

光吸收对冰晶粒子散射相函数的影响

本文利用射线跟踪法对冰晶粒子散射、吸收进行了研究。从理论上对一些常见的近似处理方法进行了讨论，计算了长为300μm，半径为30μm的六棱柱状冰晶粒子在不同波段的光散射相函数以及在波长2.2μm时，五种不同大小冰晶粒子的单次散射反照率。结果表明，即使在有吸收情况下，Snell公式和Lambert公式仍是近似成立的，而吸收效应对散射相函数有明显影响。     

一种快速高效的逐线积分大气吸收计算方法

本文发展了一种新的计算大气气体吸收系数以及冷却率的快速数值方法, 并对影响逐线 积分精度和计算时间的各种因子进行了详细研究。以大气主要吸收气体CO-215 μm带的 500～800 cm-1波段为例,将新方法计算的吸收系数、大气透过率和冷却率结果与经 典的逐线积分方法进行了比较。对从地面到100 km范围的整层大气,大气透过率的 误差不超过0.0004;对70 km以下的大气,大气冷却率的误差不超过0.004 K/d,而计算时 间却节省1～2个数量级左右。     

Effect of sediment resuspension on underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: A case study in Longgan Lake and Taihu Lake

Based on three continuous in situ underwater light field measurement under different wind waves conditions in Longgan Lake, Meiliang Bay of Taihu Lake in July 2003 and littoral zone near TLLER in July 2004, respectively, the effects of sediment resuspension caused by wind waves on PAR diffuse attenuation, absorption coefficients and euphotic depths are analyzed. In Longgan Lake, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients during small, middle and large wind waves were 1.74, 2.02 and 2.45 m-1, respectively, and the corresponding PAR spectral diffuse attenuations ranged from 0.98 to 2.97, 1.34 to 3.95 and 1.80 to 5.40 m-1, respectively. In Meiliang Bay, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients were 2.63, 3.72, 4.37 m-1 during small, middle and large wind waves. PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients increased by 41% and 66% from small to middle, large wind waves, respectively. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of CDOM, phytoplankton were 0.26, 0.28 m-1; 0.76, 0.49 m-1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Absorption coefficients integrated over the range of PAR of non-algal particulate matter and total suspended particulate matter increased from 0.94 to 1.73 m-1, and from 1.70 to 2.22 m-1, respectively during middle and large wind waves. Relative contributions of absorption coefficients of non-algal particulate matter to total absorption coefficient integrated over the range of PAR were 44.14%, 65.05%, respectively, during middle and large wind waves. PAR euphotic depths decreased by 0.40, 0.19, 0.20 m from middle to large wind waves in Longganhu Lake, Meliang Bay and littoral zone near TLLER. Significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and total suspended paniculate matter, wind velocity, wave height. Most significant correlations were found between transparency, PAR diffuse attenuation coefficients, euphotic depths and inorganic suspended paniculate matter but low correlations for chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon. Increase of total suspended paniculate matter, especially inorganic suspended paniculate matter caused by wind waves was the dominant factor affecting underwater light field in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River based on observations at three stations.     

Black carbon aerosols and their radiative properties in the Pearl River Delta region

The climatic and environmental effects of atmospheric aerosols are a hot topic in global science community, and radiative properties of the aerosols are one of the important parameters in assessing climatic change. Here we studied the black carbon concentration and absorption coefficient measured with aethalometers, scattering coefficient measured with nephelometers, and single scattering albedo derived at an atmospheric composition watch station in Guangzhou from 2004 to 2007. Our main results are as follows. The data of black carbon concentration and absorption coefficients measured with instruments cannot be directly used until they are measured in parallel with internationally accepted instruments for comparison, calibration, and reduction. After evaluation of the data, the result shows that the monthly mean of BC concentration varies 3.1–14.8 μg·m⁻³ and the concentration decreases by about 1 μg·m⁻³ in average over the four years; It is higher in the dry season with a multi-year mean of 8.9 μg/m³ and lower in the rainy season with a multi-year mean of 8.0 μg·m⁻³; The extreme maximum of monthly mean concentration occurred in December 2004 and extreme minimum in July 2007, and a 4-year mean is 8.4 μg·m⁻³. It is also shown that monthly mean scattering coefficient derived varies 129 −565 Mm⁻¹, monthly mean absorption coefficient 32–139 Mm⁻¹, and monthly mean single scattering albedo 0.71–0.91, with annual mean values of 0.80, 0.82, 0.79 and 0.84 for 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively. Three instruments were used to take simultaneous measurements of BC in PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and PM₁ and the results showed that PM_2.5 took up about 90% of PM₁₀ and PM₁ accounted for about 68% of PM_2.5, and BC aerosols are mainly present in fine particulates. The variability of BC concentrations is quite consistent between the Nancun station (141 m above sea level) and the Panyu station (13 m above sea level), which are 8 km apart from each other. The concentration in higher altitude station (Panyu) is consistently lower than the lower altitude station (Nancun), and the difference of annual mean is about 4 μg·m⁻³. Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U0733004, 40375002, 40418008, 40775011), National High Technology R & D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2006AA06A306 and 2006AA06A308) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2005CB422207)     

淮河流域周村水库夏季CDOM吸收光谱特征、空间分布及其来源分析

基于2015年8月采集的24个淮河流域以周村水源水库为代表的表层水样的有色溶解性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数数据,研究了CDOM吸收光谱的空间分布特征,考察了CDOM的吸收系数与水质参数的相关关系,同时探讨了周村水库夏季CDOM的潜在来源.结果显示:依据CDOM的吸收光谱空间分布特性及采样点分布特征,周村水库分为入库口、过渡区和主库区3个特征水域;CDOM的吸收系数沿入库口到主库区依次递减,S值呈现相反的趋势;分析发现S240~500与a(355)和a*(355)呈极显著负相关(R~2=0.98、0.88);CDOM吸收系数a(355)与溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度具有良好的线性相关,有利于建立DOC遥感反演模型;同时,CDOM吸收系数a(355)与a_(ph)(440)存在极显著正线性相关,表明浮游植物的新陈代谢及其降解产物是夏季周村水库CDOM的潜在来源.综上,通过对夏季周村水库水体CDOM的研究,丰富了关于水源水体CDOM的调查资料,可为日后水库的管理提供技术支撑.