“凤凰”台风期间海面风、浪的高频地波雷达OSMAR071遥感

介绍了OSMAR071高频地波雷达系统“凤凰”台风期间海面风、浪遥测结果。文中给出高频地波雷达OSMAR071 风、浪反演算法：利用SBM模型结合多波束采样法反演风向;利用改进的Barrick模型进行有效波高的反演;利用SMB关系式进行风速反演。将雷达定点观测结果与浮标数据进行对比,表现出很好的一致性,其中有效波高相关系数为0.72,均方根误差为0.48 m,风向相关系数为0.97,均方根误差为27.7°,风速的相关系数为0.6,均方根误差为 3.5 m/s。文中还对影响探测精度的因素进行了分析。     

基于地统计学的GPS高程异常拟合研究

地统计学(Geostatistical Analysis)是一门以区域变化量理论为基础,以变异函数为主要工具,研究分布于空间上既有随机性又有结构性的自然或社会现象的科学,它遵从空间位置相近的地理现象具有相似属性值。GPS点的高程异常在区域内随点平面位置的变化而变化,具有一定的空间相关性。因此,可以将地统计中的相关插值方法应用到GPS高程异常拟合中。通过对地统计原理的分析,结合实例比较了ArcGIS中地统计分析中的相关插值方法在GPS高程异常拟合中的精度情况。     

我国IGS基准站高程时间序列抗差功率谱估计

为更清晰地了解基准站高程序列的周期运动特性,本文采用抗差最小二乘迭代与功率谱估计相结合的方法,分析了我国6个IGS基准站近11年观测得到的高程时间序列数据。在功率谱分析获取准确的高程运动第一主周期项的基础上,继续抗差迭代,并分离出高程方向运动的其他主周期项和振幅,得到了主要周期项对高程方向运动能量的贡献大小,基准站高程方向具有接近一年的年周期运动和多于一年的第二主周期项运动,半周年项运动所占的比重很小。     

区域似大地水准面的非均匀B样条拟合方法探讨

介绍了建立似大地水准面模型的原理,讨论了非均匀B样条函数方法的基本原理。根据中部某地区的已知点的大地高和正常高,分别用非均匀三次B样条函数和三次曲面函数对该地区的似大地水准面进行高程拟合,结果表明了该方法具有更好的精度和稳定性。     

Prediction of satellite orbits contraction due to diurnally varying oblate atmosphere and altitude-dependent scale height using KS canonical elements

A new non-singular analytical theory for the motion of near-Earth satellite orbits with the air drag effect is developed in terms of uniformly regular KS canonical elements. Diurnally varying oblate atmosphere is considered with variation in density scale height dependent on altitude. The series expansion method is utilized to generate the analytical solutions and terms up to fourth-order terms in eccentricity and c (a small parameter dependent on the flattening of the atmosphere) are retained. Only two of the nine equations are solved analytically to compute the state vector and change in energy at the end of each revolution, due to symmetry in the equations of motion. The important drag perturbed orbital parameters: semi-major axis and eccentricity are obtained up to 500 revolutions, with the present analytical theory and by numerical integration over a wide range of perigee height, eccentricity and inclination. The differences between the two are found to be very less. A comparison between the theories generated with terms up to third- and fourth-order terms in c and e shows an improvement in the computation of the orbital parameters semi-major axis and eccentricity, up to 9%. The theory can be effectively used for the re-entry of the near-Earth objects, which mainly decay due to atmospheric drag.     

Contraction of near-Earth satellite orbits using uniformly regular KS canonical elements in an oblate atmosphere with density scale height variation with altitude

A new non-singular analytical theory for the contraction of near-Earth satellite orbits under the influence of air drag is developed in terms of uniformly regular Kustaanheimo and Stiefel (KS) canonical elements using an oblate atmosphere with variation of density scale height with altitude. The series expansions include up to fourth power in terms of eccentricity and c (a small parameter dependent on the flattening of the atmosphere). Only two of the nine equations are solved analytically to compute the state vector and change in energy at the end of each revolution, due to symmetry in the equations of motion. It is observed that the analytically computed values of the semi-major axis and eccentricity are consistent with the numerically integrated values up to 500 revolutions over a wide range of the drag-perturbed orbital parameters. The theory can be effectively used for re-entry of near-Earth objects.     

梅汛期南亚高压活动的谱特征分析——波能密度谱

本文是应用100hPa北半球高度场格点资料,选取2003-2005年6-7月南亚高压季节性东进、北移的15个过程,其中包括这3年中在入、出梅期间500 hPa副热带高压有响应的季节性北移个例.计算了40 °N的波谱物理量-1～7波的方差比和波能密度,分析其西风带长波-超长波的调整和南亚高压的东进、北移的相关,并从波能密度的演变特征来识别何种长波波动对南亚高压的季节性变化具有最大的贡献.从而得出100hPa 40 °N的超长波的调整是南亚高压季节性东进、北移的环流背景,而西风带4～6波的长波槽波能密度的激增是诱发南亚高压季节性演变的最大贡献者.     

Aerodynamic Parameters of Regular Arrays of Rectangular Blocks with Various Geometries

The aerodynamic effects of various configurations of an urban array were investigated in a wind-tunnel experiment. Three aerodynamic parameters characterising arrays—the drag coefficient (C _d ), roughness length (z _o) and displacement height (d)—are used for analysis. C _d is based on the direct measurement of the total surface shear using a floating element, and the other two parameters are estimated by logarithmic fitting of the measured wind profile and predetermined total drag force. The configurations of 63 arrays used for measurement were designed to estimate the effects of layout, wind direction and the height variability of the blocks on these parameters for various roughness packing densities. The results are summarised as follows: (1) The estimated C _d and z _o of the staggered arrays peak against the plan area index (λ _p ) and frontal area index (λ _f ), in contrast with values for the square arrays, which are less sensitive to λ _p and λ _f . In addition, the square arrays with a wind direction of 45° have a considerably larger C _d , and the wind direction increases z _o/H by up to a factor of 2. (2) The effect of the non-uniformity of roughness height on z _o is more remarkable when λ _f exceeds 20%, and the discrepancy in z _o is particularly remarkable and exceeds 200%. (3) The effect of the layout of tall blocks on C _d is stronger than that of short blocks. These results indicate that the effects of both wind direction and the non-uniformity of the heights of buildings on urban aerodynamic parameters vary greatly with λ _p and λ _f ; hence, these effects should be taken into account by considering the roughness packing density.     

A Comparison Between Modelled and Measured Mixing-Layer Height Over Munich

An attempt is made to correlate the mixing heights, derived from ceilometer and Sodar measurements, to those simulated by different atmospheric boundary-layer parameterization schemes. The comparison is performed at two sites (one suburban and one rural) close to Munich, Germany for two spring and two winter days. It is found that, under convective conditions, the mixing height determined, by both Sodar and ceilometer, corresponds to the middle or the top of the entrainment zone, respectively, as calculated from the eddy-viscosity profiles. Under stable conditions, the measured mixing height is related to the height where eddy viscosities attain their minimum values (Sodar) or to the height of residual mechanical turbulence (ceilometer). During a foehn case with weak turbulence, the measured mixing height from both Sodar and ceilometer is better inferred by considering the eddy-viscosity profiles during daytime and the height of the low-level jet during nighttime.     

天气可预报性的时空分布

为了能从非线件误差增长动力学的角度研究大气的可预报性问题,文章引入了可预报性研究的新方法--非线性局部Lyapunov指数.非线性局部Lyapunov指数及其相关统计量能够被用来定量地确定混沌系统可预报性的大小,真正地实现对可预报性的定量化研究.为了把非线性局部Lyapunov指数方法应用到实际的大气可预报性研究中,给出了一种利用大气的实际观测资料估计非线性局部Lyapunov指数的计算方法.存非线性局部Lyapunov指数方法的基础上,文中利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对大气位势高度场、温度场、纬向风场、经向风场等要素场可预报性的时空分布进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在500 hPa高度层上,对于不同的要素场,其可预报期限的大小以及时空分布规律都不一样;全球大部分地区位势高度场可预报期限最大,温度场和纬向风场次之,而经向风场的可预报期限最小.(2)在500 hPa高度层七,位势高度场和温度场的纬向平均可预报期限基本上表现为一定的南北纬向带状分布,热带地区和南极地区的可预报期限最大,北极地区次之,南北半球中高纬度地区可预报期限相对较小.纬向风场可预报期限在热带地区最高,但是南北极地区可预报期限与邻近的中高纬度地区差别不大.经向风场可预报期限在南北两极地区最高,南北半球的中纬度和赤道附近地区可预报期限最小.(3)在垂直方向上,纬向平均高度场、温度场以及纬向风场可预报期限基本上都是随高度升高而增加,高层的可预报期限明显大于低层;经向风场可预报期限随高度的变化比较复杂,不同的纬度有所不同.(4)可预报性有明显的季节变化,不同要素场可预报期限高低值区的位置和强度随季节鄙有明显变化,对于全球大部分地区来说,冬季可预报性都大于夏季的.