Attenuation of ground vibrations using in-filled wave barriers

Ground vibrations generated by construction activities can adversely affect the structural health of adjacent buildings and foundations supporting them. Therefore propagation and rate of attenuation of construction induced ground vibrations is important during construction activities, particularly in urban areas where constructions are carried out in the vicinity of existing structures. In practice wave barriers are installed in the ground to mitigate the ground vibration propagation and hence to minimise the effect of ground vibrations on surrounding structures. Different types of fill materials such as bentonite, EPS geofoam and concrete are used in constructing wave barriers. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model is developed to study the efficiency of different fill materials in attenuating ground vibrations. The model is first verified using data from full scale field experiments, where EPS geofoam has been used as a fill material in wave barriers. Then the same model has been used to evaluate the efficiency of open trenches, water filled wave barriers and EPS geofoam filled wave barriers on attenuation of ground vibrations. EPS geofoam is found to be the most efficient fill material, providing attenuation efficiency closer to open trenches. The efficiency of EPS geofoam and water filled wave barriers can be significantly increased by increasing the depth of the wave barrier.     

地震台站新型太阳能供电系统设计

在虎门地震综合观测站的建设中,设计了一套以太阳能为主、发电机为辅的新型供电系统,解决了工作人员日常照明及地震仪器设备的交、直流用电问题。本文主要介绍该太阳能供电系统的设计过程。     

基于单能窄束伽马射线算法计算高分辨率屏蔽自然伽马探测器的三维测井响应

本文应用单能窄束伽马射线理论建立高分辨率屏蔽自然伽马探测器三维测井响应的数值模拟算法.首先利用单能窄束原理,用稳态扩散方程描述伽马光子密度的空间分布,根据扩散方程基本解、放射源空间分布、探测器位置和屏蔽情况,将屏蔽探测器上的总伽马通量表示成放射性地层中的有效探测区域上的体积分和晶体表面上有效接收面的面积分形式.并根据伽马射线传播路径和探测器屏蔽情况,给出有效探测区域的解析表达式,通过数值积分法计算任意复杂情况下探测器上的自然伽马通量,获得伽马测井响应的3D数值模拟算法.并通过数值模拟结果与模型井数据的对比验证了该算法的有效性.最后通过3D数值模拟算法系统研究考察晶体形状（圆柱形晶体、方形晶体）、晶体长度、仪器在井轴中的位置（居中屏蔽探测器、贴井壁屏蔽探测器）、以及测速等不同情况下自然伽马测井响应,设计出新型高分辨率自然伽马测井仪器.     

太阳能供电系统在天津测震台站的应用

利用太阳能供电系统解决天津市部分台站无法接入交流供电的问题,对部分台供电系统进行改造,采用复合式供电模式,避免农忙或雷雨季节停电问题,以提升台网整体数据传输连续率。     

粤闽赣交界区波速比特征研究

根据多台和达法,利用广东、福建、江西三省数字地震观测记录对粤闽赣交界区及邻区波速比特征进行研究,获取了具有参考价值的结果：粤闽赣交界地区沿海一侧明显比内陆地区波速比要高;约在北纬24°,东经114°处,处走向北东方向上是波速变化比较明显的分界线,该分界线可能是由于地下两侧的岩石岩性不同造成的,或与该地区介质物理性质和化学性质存在变异关有,也可能与此地区地震应力场变化有一定关系。     

Life in extreme environments: Approaches to study life-environment co-evolutionary strategies

The term"extreme environments"describes the conditions that deviate from what mesophilic cells can tolerate.These conditions are"extreme"in the eye of mankind,but they may be suitable or even essential living conditions for most microorganisms.Hyperthermophilic microorganisms form a branch at the root of the phylogenetic tree,indicating that early life originated from extreme environments similar to that of modern deep-sea hydrothermal vents,which are characterized by high-temperature and oxygen-limiting conditions.During the inevitable cooling and gradual oxidation process on Earth,microorganisms developed similar mechanisms of adaptation.By studying modern extremophiles,we may be able to decode the mysterious history of their genomic evolution and to reconstruct early life.Because life itself is a process of energy uptake to maintain a dissipative structure that is not in thermodynamic equilibrium,the energy metabolism of microorganisms determines the pathway of evolution,the structure of an ecosystem,and the physiology of cells."Following energy"is an essential approach to understand the boundaries of life and to search for life beyond Earth.     

Effects of different gap filling methods and land surface energy balance closure on annual net ecosystem exchange in a semiarid area of China

Based on eddy covariance measurements over two kinds of land surfaces(a degraded grassland and a maize cropland)in a semiarid area of China in 2005 and 2008,the effects of different gap filling methods,energy balance closure and friction velocity threshold(u*)on annual net ecosystem exchange(NEE)were analyzed.Six gap filling methods,including mean diurnal variation(MDV),marginal distribution sampling(MDS),and nonlinear regressions method,were investigated by generating secondary datasets with four different artificial gap lengths(ranging in length from single half-hours to 12 consecutive days).The MDS generally showed a good overall performance especially for long gaps,with an annual sum bias error less than 5 g C m-2 yr-1.There was a large positive annual sum bias error for nonlinear regressions,indicating an overestimate on net ecosystem respiration.The offset in the annual sum NEE for four nonlinear regressions was from 8.0 to 30.8 g C m-2 yr-1.As soil water content was a limiting factor in the semiarid area,the nonlinear regressions considering both soil temperature and soil water content as controlling variables had a better performance than others.The performance of MDV was better in daytime than in nighttime,with an annual sum bias error falling between-2.6 and-13.4 g C m-2 yr-1.Overall,the accuracy of the gap filling method was dependent on the type of the land surface,gap length,and the time of day when the data gap occurred.The energy balance ratio for the two ecosystems was nearly 80%.Turbulent intensity had a large impact on energy balance ratio.Low energy balance ratio was observed under low friction velocity during the night.When there was a large fetch distance in a wind direction,a low energy balance ratio was caused by mismatch of the footprints between the available energy and turbulent fluxes.The effect of energy balance correction on CO2 flux was evaluated by assuming the imbalance caused by the underestimation of sensible heat flux and latent heat flux.The results showed an average increase of 10 g C m-2 yr-1 for annual NEE in both ecosystems with an energy balance correction.On the other hand,the u*threshold also have a large impact on annual sum NEE.Net carbon emission increased 37.5 g C m-2 yr-1 as u*threshold increased from 0.1 to 0.2 m s-1,indicating a large impact of imposing u*threshold on net ecosystem carbon exchange.     

A climatic dataset of ocean vertical turbulent mixing coefficient based on real energy sources

Using data on wind stress, significant height of combined wind waves and swell, potential temperature, salinity and seawater velocity, as well as objectively-analyzed in situ temperature and salinity, we established a global ocean dataset of calculated wind- and tide-induced vertical turbulent mixing coefficients. We then examined energy conservation of ocean vertical mixing from the point of view of ocean wind energy inputs, gravitational potential energy change due to mixing (with and without artificially limiting themixing coefficient), and K-theory vertical turbulent parameterization schemes regardless of energy inputs. Our research showed that calculating the mixing coefficient with average data and artificial limiting the mixing coefficient can cause a remarkable lack of energy conservation, with energy losses of up to 90% and changes in the energy oscillation period. The data also show that wind can introduce a huge amount of energy into the upper layers of the Southern Ocean, and that tidesdo so in regions around underwater mountains. We argue that it is necessary to take wind and tidal energy inputs into account forlong-term ocean climate numerical simulations. We believe that using this ocean vertical turbulent mixing coefficient climatic dataset is a fast and efficient method to maintain the ocean energy balance in ocean modeling research.     

基于能量平衡的多年冻土区公路设计理论研究

青藏公路长期研究表明,青藏高原多年冻土公路工程空间效应敏感,主要表现为公路空间效应直接改变下伏冻土地基的天然能量平衡状态,继而引发一系列工程病害. 针对这一工程问题,提出多年冻土地区公路能量平衡设计理论,研究公路工程建设引发的多年冻土地基能量变化状态,平衡自然环境变化和工程建设等导致的外界“有害”能量导入与工程处置措施对冻土地基中“有害”能量导出之间相互关系,从空间和时间两个维度分析多年冻土地区公路工程的能量平衡过程. 据此,作为多年冻土公路工程的设计依据,将为青藏高原高速公路的科学设计提供理论支持.     

隧道穿越引起地下管线竖向位移的能量变分分析方法

隧道穿越引起的地层位移可能造成地下管线变形过大或断裂等事故,引起工程界的高度关注。基于假定的地下管线竖向位移分布模式,通过能量方法建立变分控制方程,提出了求解隧道穿越地下管线竖向位移的能量变分解法,运用叠加原理将单线隧道解答延拓至双线隧道中。与离心机试验和工程实例的对比,验证了方法的正确性。通过参数计算,分析了管材弹性模量、管线埋深、地层损失率等相关因素对地下管线竖向位移的影响规律,研究结论具有工程参考价值。