Processing irregular wave measurements to enhance point absorber power capture performance

The paper aims at introducing practical methods for power capture performance enhancement of a heaving wave energy converter in irregular seas. The optimum control solution requires tuning to wave frequency based on wave force information. However, identification of the wave frequency in irregular seas is considered to be a complex and difficult task. This is partly due to technical difficulties in determination of the wave force. Besides, there are no clear guidelines for identification of wave frequency from an irregular sea state based wave force information. In a typical application, one of the available sources of information about the wave properties is the wave elevation record. The proposed approach presents a method for estimation of the wave frequency information from the wave elevation data by using signal processing and filtering techniques. The proposed method uses filters to generate an estimation of wave force information, which is used to identify the local wave frequency by method of a time-series analysis of the data. This wave frequency information is then used in tuning the device. The details of the proposed techniques, the model of the wave energy converter, the simulated sea states and the related simulation results are also presented.     

Wave height distributions in bimodal sea states from offshore basins

The paper presents results for the distribution of wave heights from laboratory generated bimodal sea states. Data collected at the DHI offshore basin are analyzed and compared with results based on wave records from the MARINTEK offshore basin. The comparisons are done for three groups of mixed sea states: wind-sea dominated, swell-dominated and energy-equivalent, determined on the basis of the parameter sea-swell energy ratio (SSER), which have been generated according to the model of Guedes Soares (1984). In some sea states abnormal or freak waves have been observed.The quasi-determinism theory of Boccotti is used to expand some linear narrowband models to second order, thus providing validation of the adequacy of the equations to represent the linear components of the wave heights. Also, the data are compared with the predictions of a third order model using as a nonlinear correction the coefficient of kurtosis. Due to the coexistence of wind-sea and swell, the core of the autocovariance function in some cases demonstrates a global minimum which is the second local minimum in the sequence. This can affect the fitting ability of distributions whose parameters depend on the form of the autocorrelation function or its envelope.The results for MARINTEK and DHI data show similar patterns of fit between predicted and observed exceedance probabilities for the considered classes of bimodal spectra.     

Hydraulic performance and wave loadings of perforated/slotted coastal structures: A review

This paper reviews recent progress in the study of perforated/slotted breakwaters, with an emphasis on two main groups of such breakwaters: (1) perforated/slotted breakwaters with impermeable back walls, and (2) perforated/slotted breakwaters without a back-wall. The methods commonly used to simulate the interactions between such structures and various linear/nonlinear waves are summarized. The transmission and reflection characteristics of perforated/slotted breakwaters in these two groups are reviewed extensively. Several methods for calculating wave forces on perforated caissons are also reviewed. Some recent works published in Chinese journals, which are generally not well-known to non-Chinese researchers, are reviewed with a hope that these works can be beneficial to other researchers working in this area.     

Dynamic analysis of wave energy converter by incorporating the effect of hydraulic transmission lines

A heaving-buoy wave energy converter equipped with hydraulic power take-off is studied in this paper. This wave energy converter system is divided into five subsystems: a heaving buoy, hydraulic pump, pipelines, non-return check valves and a hydraulic motor combined with an electric generator. A dynamic model was developed by considering the interactions between the subsystems in a state space form. The transient pressures caused by starting/stopping the buoy or closing/opening the check valves were predicted numerically using the established model. The simulation results show that transmission line dynamics play a dominant role in the studied wave energy converter system. The length of the pipeline will not only affect the amplitude of the transient pressures but also affect the converted power. The variation of the time-averaged converted electric power with the pipeline length is estimated using the simulation method for the buoy exposed to one irregular sea state. Finally, it is suggested how reduced power efficiency due to the pipelines may be ameliorated.     

Field verification of quasi-determinism theory for wind waves in the space-time domain

Profiles of exceptionally large waves in wind seas were obtained using a gauge array that was nearly aligned in the dominant wave direction; the length of these profiles ranged from 1.5 to 3.0 times the dominant wavelength. The profiles were also obtained through calculations using the quasi-determinism theory from the datasets of the sea states. The possibility to observe waves in the space-time domain enables us to obtain a remarkable confirmation of the quasi-determinism theory.     

OPTIMAL MODE OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY SHALLOW FLOWS IN UPLAND AREAS

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各向异性介质qP波传播描述II:分离纯模式标量波

在各向异性地震波场中,qP波与qS波常常是耦合在一起的.多分量地震数据处理中一个关键环节就是波型分离(即模式解耦),以纵波成分为主的常规单分量地震数据的成像则需要合理描述标量qP波的传播算子.本文作者曾构建了在运动学上同弹性波动方程等价,动力学上突出标量qP波的伪纯模式波动方程.为了彻底消除qS波残余,本文根据波矢量与qP波偏振矢量之间的偏差,提出从伪纯模式波场提取纯模式标量qP波的方法.数值分析展示了投影偏差算子在波数域和空间域的特征.基于不同复杂程度理论模型的试验结果表明,联合"伪纯模式传播算子"与"投影偏差校正"可为各向异性介质分离模式波场传播过程提供一种简便的描述工具.     

带正则化校正的TTI介质qP波方程及其逆时偏移方法和应用

各向异性研究对地下介质精确成像有着重要的意义,在当前计算机硬件迅速发展及宽方位地震数据采集日益普遍的情况下,成像必须考虑介质的各向异性.逆时偏移是基于双程波动方程的较为精确的数值解的成像方法,所以相对于其他地震成像方法,它具有很大的优势,譬如不受反射界面的倾角限制、偏移速度结构合适时能够使回转波及多次波正确成像.在各向同性介质中,可使用标量波方程来模拟波场.而在各向异性介质中,P波和SV波是相互耦合的,即不存在单纯的标量波传播,通常利用能代表耦合波场中P波分量运动学特征的拟声波(qP波)进行偏移成像.本文中,我们推导出了TTI介质下qP波控制方程.该方程可采用显式有限差分格式进行求解.通过声学近似,若沿对称轴方向的剪切波速度为零,对于对称轴方向不变且ε≥δ的模型来说,可得到稳定的数值解.但对于TTI介质来说,由于沿对称轴方向各向异性参数是变化的,声学近似会引起波场传播及数值计算的不稳定.因此,我们提出了正则化有限横波的方法,很好地解决了这一问题.最后,给出了Foothill模型的测试结果及某探区实际资料试算结果,展示了采用这个方程进行复杂TTI模型正演和高质量逆时偏移成像结果,证实了该方法的正确性和实际资料应用中的有效性.     

深度均匀采样梯形网格有限差分地震波场模拟方法

由于重力引起的岩石压实效应,一般来说,地震波传播速度由浅入深整体逐渐增大.梯形坐标系设计可耦合速度由浅入深逐渐增大的变化,该坐标系中均匀网格采样所对应的物理直角坐标系网格由浅入深逐渐增大,也即浅部低速区对应细网格,深部高速区对应粗网格.在梯形坐标系表征波动方程后利用有限差分求解,本文实现一种深度均匀采样、横向采样间隔随深度增加逐渐线性增大的有限差分地震波模拟方法.梯形坐标系波动方程离散后,仍采用常规均匀网格有限差分算法对其求解.由于横向网格大小由浅入深线性增加,本方法可避免不同大小网格区域过渡所产生的虚假反射.梯形坐标系波场模拟浅层精度高,深层横向响应范围广,可有效减少有限差分网格数量.本文提出的方法是在更广义的坐标系下利用有限差分求解波动方程,正交坐标系仅为该梯形坐标系之特例.本文旨在为大速度动态范围深地高效高精度地震波场模拟提供一种思路.

     

风垂直切变对大气静力适应过程的影响——第一部分:波动响应

本文基于描述可压缩大气静力适应过程的线性模型,分别采用正交模法和WKBJ法,从波动响应的角度研究了风垂直切变对大气静力适应过程的影响.结合实际天气现象构造了四种风垂直切变模型,分别为垂直无切变的定常模型、类似锋面特征的线性切变模型、表征东风急流的反气旋式切变模型和类似西风急流的气旋式切变模型.分析了相应模型下静力适应过程中的波动特征及波能量演变规律.得到结论：（1）在定常模型中,破坏静力平衡的能量激发出四支两两成对的、传播性质类似声波和重力波的波动,波动能量在闭合系统假设下为守恒量;（2）风切变的存在改变了波动及其能量的传播特征,也改变了波动能量的守恒性;（3）在大气稳定层结下,若波动多普勒频率大于0且小于0.7倍的浮力振荡频率,则发展（衰亡）型波动的螺旋结构分别为：（a）在线性切变模型中,等相位线自下而上需向西（东）倾斜;（b）在反气旋式切变模型中,等相位线在急流轴上层自下而上需向西（东）倾斜,在急流轴下层自下而上需向东（西）倾斜;（c）在气旋式切变模型中,等相位线在急流轴上层自下而上需向东（西）倾斜,在急流轴下层自下而上需向西（东）倾斜;若波动多普勒频率大于0.7倍的浮力振荡频率,则情形相反.