Anwendung eines neuen Feldanalysenverfahrens zur Untersuchung der Stabilität von Arsen und seinen anorganischen Spezies in aquatischen Systemen

Using of a New Field Analysis Method to Investigate the Stability of Arsenic and its Inorganic Species in Aquatic Systems The stability of arsenic species in aquatic systems is limited by the possibilities of chemical and biochemical reactions. Redox reactions and bioalkylation lead to changes of the species ratios. In this work, the stability of As(III) and As(V) was examined at storage of distilled, de-ionized, and drinking water at different conditions (refrigerator/room temperature; daylight/darkness) and additions (sulfuric acid; ascorbic acid). The determination of these species was carried out by a modified spectrophotometric method, suitable for laboratory analysis as well as for field analysis. The results show that chemical oxidation and biochemical reduction can occur. Sulfuric acid is favourable for the stabilization of total arsenic and of the inorganic species.     

南黄海冷水中心内外夏季大型底栖动物群落分析

根据1959年、2004年和2012年夏季航次的调查数据,研究南黄海冷水中心内、外大型底栖动物群落结构及年际变化。使用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数,平均分类差异指数以及丰度生物量比较曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curves,ABC Curves)分析群落的组成与变化,使用相对重要性指数(index of relative importance,IRI)分析群落中的优势种和重要种。研究结果显示,3个航次共鉴定大型底栖动物112种,隶属18纲69科80属;其中冷水中心(Yellow Sea cold water mass core,YSCWMC)内33种,隶属16纲65科75属;冷水中心外87种,隶属7纲30科36属。两因素方差分析(Two-way ANOVA)结果显示三航次间时空尺度上冷水中心内、外的H′、J′和d的差异均不显著,物种丰度和物种生物量也未发生明显的改变。冷水中心内部群落的H′、J′和d变化幅度较冷水中心外部群落小,表明相较冷水中心外的群落,冷水中心内的群落结构较为稳定。分类差异变异指数及ABC曲线分析也显示冷水中心内、外的群落状况良好。通过比较冷水中心内、外物种组成发现冷水中心内软体动物(Mollusk)种类最多,其丰度和生物量在冷水中心内优势明显,且三个航次间软体动物物种改变较小。冷水中心内群落中的多毛类动物(Polychaeta)和棘皮动物(Echinodermata)虽在各年份分别占据优势种地位,丰度极高,但种类极少。冷水中心外群落中的多毛类动物和棘皮动物占据绝对优势,无论是种类数还是生物量都较其他种类高。在调查航次总生物量中,冷水中心内的软体动物生物量占总生物量的38%,而冷水中心外的仅占总生物量的3%,说明软体动物较为适宜生活在低温、高盐的冷水环境中。三年间分析调查显示冷水中心内软体动物的重要种及常见种有薄索足蛤(Thyasira tokunagai)、秀丽波纹蛤(Raetellops pulchella)、短吻蛤(Periploma sp.)、胡桃蛤(Nucula sp.)和日本梯形蛤(Portlandia japonica)。冷水中心对于大型底栖动物中软体动物的生长繁殖具有重要的保护作用,能够维持其群落结构的稳定。     

基于223Ra和224Ra的桑沟湾海底地下水排放通量

海底地下水排放（SGD）是陆地向海洋输送水量和营养物质的重要通道之一,对沿海物质通量及其生物地球化学循环有重要的影响,对生态环境起着不可忽视的作用。本文运用天然放射性同位素223Ra和224Ra示踪估算了我国北方典型养殖基地桑沟湾的海底地下水排放通量。结果表明,海底地下水样尤其是间隙水中Ra活度[224Ra=（968±31）dpm/（100 L）,223Ra=（31.4±4.9）dpm/（100 L）,n=9]远高于表层海水[224Ra=（38.7±2.0）dpm/（100 L）,223Ra=（1.70±0.50）dpm/（100 L）, n=21]。假设稳态条件下,考虑Ra的各源、汇项,利用Ra平衡模型,估算出桑沟湾SGD排放通量为（0.23~1.03）×107 m3/d。潮周期内的观测结果显示,涨潮时,水力梯度较小,SGD排放变弱,落潮时,水力梯度较大,导致了相对较多的SGD排放。在一个潮周期间,基于223Ra和224Ra得到的SGD排放通量平均为0.39×107 m3/d。潮汐动力下的SGD排放平均占总SGD排放的61%,因此桑沟湾沿岸的地下水排放主要受潮汐动力的影响,并对海水组成及海陆间物质交换有显著贡献。     

Improved numerical solution of Dobrovol'skaya's boundary integral equations on similarity flow for uniform symmetrical entry of wedges

Dobrovol'skaya [1] presented a similarity solution for the water entry of symmetrical wedges with constant velocity. The solution involves an integral equation that becomes increasingly harder to numerically solve as the deadrise angle decreases. Zhao and Faltinsen [2] were able to present reliable results for deadrise angles down to 4°. In this paper, Zhao and Faltinsen's results are improved and reliable results for deadrise angles down to 1° are confirmed by comparing to the asymptotic solutions at small deadrise angles and the solutions by the traditional boundary element method at relatively large deadrise angles. The present similarity solution results provide a reference solution in theoretical studies of water entry problems and in developing accurate numerical solvers for simulating strongly nonlinear wave–body interactions, which flows are governed by Laplace equation or Euler equation.     

Phytoplankton,macrophytes and benthic diatoms in lake classification: Consistent,congruent, redundant? Lessons learnt from WFD-compliant monitoring in Poland

The lake monitoring programme compliant with the Water Framework Directive has been implemented in Poland since 2007. Currently, the methods for three biological quality elements (BQEs): phytoplankton (the Phytoplankton Multimetric for Polish Lakes, PMPL), macrophytes (the Ecological State Macrophyte Index, ESMI) and phytobenthos (the Diatom Index for Lakes, IOJ) are officially applied and internationally intercalibrated. Based on the monitoring data from 256 lakes surveyed in 2010–2013 and assessed for all the three BQEs, we tested whether the assessment results obtained by the three biological methods were consistent and we searched for the causes of inconsistencies which we found. The lake classifications obtained from the PMPL and ESMI were highly consistent and the relationship between these metrics was relatively strong (R = 0.66, p < 0.001). Both metrics correlated equally strongly with water quality indicators. However, the PMPL and ESMI indicated systematic dissimilarities in the sensitivity to eutrophication between shallow and deep lakes. In shallow lakes, the alarming symptoms of macrophyte community deterioration (lower values of ESMI) occurred at lower nutrient and Chla concentrations and were accompanied by a better status of phytoplankton (higher values of PMPL) than in deep lakes that can be explained by a synergistic effect of inorganic suspended solids and algal growth on water transparency. As a consequence, the positions of phytoplankton and macrophytes as early warning indicators in the eutrophication gradient in shallow lakes were inverted compared to those in deep lakes. Compared to the PMPL and ESMI, the IOJ method gave the least stringent assessment results, with 22% of lakes failing to meet the environmental objectives. The relationships between IOJ and PMPL, and ESMI were relatively weak (R = 0.17, p = 0.008 and R = 0.17, p = 0.007, respectively). Moreover, the phytobenthos index IOJ correlated significantly more weakly with all the water quality indicators than either PMPL or ESMI did. The poor performance of the phytobenthos method in this study may suggest a limited indicator value of this BQE for lake assessment or inappropriate sampling design.     

Conservation of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in the river Rede,UK: Identification of instream indicators for catchment-scale issues

The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) is declining throughout its entire range. On the river Rede, North-East England, the population has been equally declining and shows no apparent recruitment. The study presented here aimed at characterizing water quality and habitat conditions for pearl mussels to identify possible indicators of pressures on the population and inform a restoration and conservation strategy. Water quality monitoring revealed levels of turbidity and suspended sediments to be above the limit set for functional pearl mussel rivers. Substrate sampling revealed silt was present at all sites. A loss of redox potential between the water column and the substrate occurred at all sites, indicating non suitable conditions for juvenile pearl mussels. These investigations suggest that fine sediment input in the river could be one of the factors preventing the development and survival of juvenile mussels while adults face water quality largely affected by high turbidity and high phosphate load. Restoration strategy for the Rede pearl mussel population should focus mainly on limiting sediment and nutrient input in the river throughout the catchment in order to improve habitat for juvenile pearl mussels. This work highlights the need for a catchment-based approach in order to succeed in the conservation of a fragile species.     

Climate driven changes in the submerged macrophyte and phytoplankton community in a hard water lake

We studied the changes in the submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and phytoplankton community in a hard water lake during different meteorological conditions. We hypothesized that variations in climatic conditions (precipitation and temperature) can influence the physicochemical parameters of water and, in turn, affect SAV and phytoplankton development. The investigations were performed in Lake Rogóźno (the West Polesie region, Eastern Poland) over 10 years from 2003 to 2013. The physicochemical parameters, the structure of macrophytes and the phytoplankton community in the dry (2003–2006, DP) and wet periods (2007–2013, WP) were analyzed. Between the dry and wet periods, the water color and the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased considerably, whereas water conductivity decreased. Other parameters (concentration of nutrients, water reaction and transparency) were comparable during both periods. When the precipitation and water level were low (DP), charophytes dominated the SAV and cyanobacteria dominated the phytoplankton community. After the precipitation and water level increased (WP), the charophyte population declined and the vascular plants and bryophytes dominated. Furthermore, flagellated algae belonging to the dinophytes and cryptophytes were the most numerous in the phytoplankton community. These changes in the SAV and phytoplankton were linked with the variations of physicochemical parameters determined by the total precipitation and mean air temperature in March.     

陕西省子午岭生态功能区水源涵养能力研究

应用InVEST模型和SCS模型,计算得出研究区多年平均水源涵养量约为3×108 m3,涵养深度69.79 mm,表明研究区具有比较突出的水源涵养服务功能,特别是在森林和灌丛分布相对集中的子午岭自然保护区内,水源涵养能力处于较高水平。不同土地利用类型的水源涵养能力有较大差别。由于灌丛具有较好的降水截留能力和较小的蒸腾作用,水源涵养能力最强;而森林由于蒸腾旺盛,加之冠层截留的大部分降水用于蒸发而无法积累,使其水源涵养能力稍低于灌丛;草地和农田覆盖地区,降水极易流失,因而草地和农田的水源涵养能力较差,对区域总水源涵养量的贡献也最小。此外,研究区多年平均产水深度139.4 mm,整体趋势是从东南向西北方向减小,与区域降水量空间变化趋势一致,在土地利用类型的影响下,这一趋势更加明显;多年平均径流深度71.1 mm,空间上大致由南向北减少,同时,由于径流深度还受到降水时间分配、土地利用类型、土壤质地的影响,因此呈现出较为复杂的空间分布特征。     

基于改进层次分析法的干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应评估

受大量的外调水资源和人工灌溉的影响,干旱扬水灌区的水土环境变迁过程具有独特性,其对区域环境要素的响应是长期、潜在而缓慢的,该过程可通过科学的评估与分析描述其发展的趋势。评价过程是否合理,评价结果是否准确是灌区可持续发展的关键。通过应用改进的层次分析法,对干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应进行了评价。结果表明:干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应因子都属于"微敏感"因子;地表水对水土环境的变迁响应相对较为强烈,其次为地下水、区域气候,而土地利用最为迟缓; 18个响应因子中最为敏感的是灌区提水量及灌溉用水量,次之为地下水水位及回归水水质。该评价模型的评价结果与当前灌区水土环境变化现状相吻合,验证了改进层次分析法在干旱扬水灌区水土环境变迁响应评价中的有效性和可操作性,可为灌区的建设和管理提供科学合理的参考依据。     

一种基于植被指数-地表温度特征空间的蒸散指数

利用遥感获取的植被指数和地表温度信息,进行地表能量和水分平衡过程研究是目前陆表过程研究的前沿。根据地表能量和水分平衡原理,对地表温度(Ts)、植被指数(VI),地表蒸散发(ET)之间的空间关系进行了分析,并基于假设条件,构建了温度植被蒸散指数(TVETI)。为验证TVETI表征地表蒸散的能力,利用环境卫星数据和SEBAL模型,对SEBAL模型中各能量通量构建的蒸散指数与TVETI进行线性回归分析,从2012年4~9月6个不同日期的确定性系数分别为:0.838、0.935、0.912、0.921、0.926、0.825, TVETI能很好的表征地表蒸散能力。通过对SEBAL模型估算的ET和TVETI估算的ET进行交叉验证发现,两者大小一致性显著, TVETI可以实现区域尺度地表蒸散发的快速估算。