南海东北部及台湾海峡环流机制的数值研究

利用1个正压的数值模式研究风应力、黑潮对南海东北部及台湾海峡环流的影响，结果为：（1）以风应力为驱动机制时其流态特别是在台湾海峡的流动具有季节性，但未反映南海黑潮分支的存在；在冬季也未见有南海暖流出现，但在东沙群岛附近海域终年存在着1个气旋涡；（2）以黑潮为驱动机制时，黑潮通过巴士海峡侵入南海海域，并导致东沙群岛附近气旋性涡旋的形成。另外，模式体现黑潮南海分支、南海暖流及台湾暖流的存在，并表明广东沿岸大陆架坡折区底形效应的重要性；（3）以风应力及黑潮入流作为联合驱动机制时，模式的结果似为第1，2种情形结果的叠加。     

Does the Ulleung eddy owe its existence to β and nonlinearities?

A nonlinear theory for the generation of the Ulleung Warm Eddy (UWE) is proposed. Using the nonlinear reduced gravity (shallow water) equations, it is shown analytically that the eddy is established in order to balance the northward momentum flux (i.e., the flow force) exerted by the separating western boundary current (WBC). In this scenario, the presence of β produces a southward (eddy) force balancing the northward momentum flux imparted by the separating East Korean Warm Current (EKWC).It is found that, for a high Rossby number EKWC (i.e., highly nonlinear current), the eddy radius is roughly 2R_d/ε^1/6 (here ε≡βR_d/f₀, where R_d is the Rossby radius), implying that the UWE has a scale larger than that of most eddies (R_d). This solution suggests that, in contrast to the familiar idea attributing the formation of eddies to instabilities (i.e., the breakdown of a known steady solution), the UWE is an integral part of the steady stable solution. The solution also suggests that a weak WBC does not produce an eddy (due to the absence of nonlinearity).A reduced gravity numerical model is used to further analyze the relationship between β, nonlinearity and the eddy formation. First, we show that a high Rossby number WBC which is forced to separate from the wall on an f plane does not produce an eddy near the separation. To balance the northward momentum force imparted by the nonlinear boundary current, the f plane system moves constantly offshore, producing a southward Coriolis force. We then show that, as β is introduced to the problem, an anticyclonic eddy is formed. The numerical balance of forces shows that, as suggested by the analytical reasoning, the southward force produced by the eddy balances the northward flow force imparted by the boundary current. We also found that the observed eddy scale in the Japan/East Sea agrees with the analytical estimate for a nonlinear current.     

Structure of the subsurface counter current beneath the Tsushima warm current simulated by an ocean general circulation model

The subsurface counter current beneath the Tsushima Warm Current is simulated using a three-dimensional circulation model. The model well reproduces the counter current beneath the Tsushima Warm Current on the shelf break. The counter current appears as nearshore parts of the subsurface clockwise circulations from spring to early winter. The clockwise circulations are separated by developed shelves such as the Oki Spur and the Noto Peninsula, thus the counter current is not a continuous flow along the Japanese coast in this model. The vertical structure of the counter current can be explained by a density structure with the thermal wind relationship. The permanent and seasonal pycnoclines form mutually opposite horizontal density gradients near the Japanese coast in summer. Such a density structure results in a speed maximum of the counter current away from the bottom. It is remarkable that the second baroclinic mode is dominant in nearshore parts of the subsurface clockwise circulations in summer, which are attributed to the density structure. Similar density structures are also found in some coastal regions of the world oceans where subsurface counter currents are expected.     

Supply of Heat by Tsushima Warm Current in the East Sea (Japan Sea)

A significant surface net heat loss appears around the Kuroshio and the Tsushima Warm Current regions. The area where the surface heat loss occurs should require heat to be supplied by the current to maintain the long-term annual heat balance. Oceanic heat advection in these regions plays an important role in the heat budget. The spatial distribution of the heat supply by the Tsushima Warm Current near the surface was examined by calculating the horizontal heat supply in the surface layer of the East Sea (the Japan Sea) (ESJS), directly from historical sea surface temperature and current data. We have also found a simple estimation of the effective vertical scale of heat supply by the current to compensate net heat loss using the heat supplied by the current in the surface 10 m layer. The heat supplied by the current for the annual heat balance was large in the Korea/Tsushima Strait and along the Japanese Coast, and was small in the northwestern part of the ESJS. The amount of heat supplied by the current was large in the northwestern part and small in the south-eastern part of the ESJS. These features suggest that the heat supplied by the Tsushima Warm Current is restricted to near the surface around the northeastern part and extends to a deeper layer around the southeastern part of the ESJS. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

山东夏季降水与西太平洋暖池区海洋热状态及夏季风异常

山东省东接太平洋，西连欧亚大陆，受海洋和大陆的影响，季风气候特点相当显著，常导致严重旱、涝灾害。山东全年降水主要集中在夏季，6~8月降水占全年降水的60%以上。其原因主要是受西太平洋副热带高压和夏季风活动的影响。副热带高压的增强和北伸与梅雨锋的位置和强度变化对山东夏季降水有直接作用，其夏季降水的年际变率较大，是旱、涝频发的省份。 我国旱涝变化与太平洋海洋热状况有着极为密切关系(翁学传等，1994)。El Nino现象对气候的影响更加引起了海洋气象学家对海洋变化的高度重视。他们分析了El Nino现象和太平洋海表温度(SST)与山东夏季降水的关系(如:奚秀芬，1988；卢金墀，1982；张苏平等1999)，但对比降水分布发现无论是 El Nino发生的当年还是次年，降水距平百分率的零线均从山东中部通过。我国夏季降水主要受三种类型雨带控制。由于山东处于一类雨带(华北多雨)和二类雨带(江淮多雨)的转换地带，近40年的降水资料分析表明，三种类型雨带在山东夏季降水正、负距平年出现率几乎均等。因此，山东夏季降水的变化有其特殊性，需要从多方面进行研究。 西太平洋暖池是全球海温最高的海域，也是全球海气能量交换总量最大的区域。它的存在和变化对北半球夏季气候异常有着重要作用。西太平洋副热带高压的变化与西太平洋暖池面积大小有密切关系(李万彪等，1998)，20世纪70年代末以来的西太平洋副高增强也与这一时期暖池的跃变有关(赵永平等，2002)，暖池及其上空的对流活动的异常影响着西太平洋副高的变化和我国雨带的位置(黄荣辉等，1992，1994)，由此所激发的大气遥相关波列可波及西欧和北美。最近的研究也表明，冬、春季暖池区热含量的变化对南海夏季风爆发早、晚有重要影响(Chen et al.，2001)。当西太平洋暖池区海洋热含量高时，南海夏季风爆发早，反之则爆发晚。这对我国夏季季风雨的变化研究有重要意义，而且也必将对山东夏季旱涝产生重要影响。 本文作者通过对山东夏季降水资料的分析，对山东夏季降水时空变化及其与西太平洋暖池区域海洋热状态及副热带环流和夏季风变化的关系和影响的可能过程进行了探讨。     

海滨香豌豆(Lathyrus maritimus Bigel)核型分析研究

以海滨香豌豆根尖为材料,用压片法研究了其染色体和核型,结果表明,海滨香豌豆核型为2n=14=6m+8sm。与栽培豌豆染色体数目相同,核型相似。     

Formation mechanism of the cold-water belt formed off the soya warm current

The cold-water belt (CWB) is frequently formed off the Soya Warm Current (SWC) during summer and autumn. The detailed distribution of the flow and temperature fields observed by the R/V Sinyo-maru in the summer of 2001 captured the structures of the SWC and the CWB. The temperature and density distributions showed that the vertical distribution of the CWB is associated with the upwelling formed off the SWC. Numerical experiments using a two-layer model with realistic bottom topography have been performed to understand the formation mechanism of CWB and the upwelling structure off the current. In the experiment, the sea level difference between the Japan Sea and the Okhotsk Sea, and baroclinic flow assuming the Tsushima Warm Current were given along the open boundary. The numerical model well reproduces the current system of the SWC and upwelling region off it. The upwelling region is formed at the Soya Strait first, and then it spreads on the offshore side along the SWC as a developing current system. Analysis of the model data indicated that the geostrophic balance mainly dominates in the current system, while convergence of the bottom Ekman transport due to the SWC forms the upwelling region as the secondary circulation. In addition, the advection effect due to the SWC is found to strengthen the upwelling.     

Seasonal Variations of Water Properties and the Baroclinic Flow Pattern in Toyama Bay under the Influence of the Tsushima Warm Current

The seasonal variations of water properties and the baroclinic flow pattern in the upper layer of Toyama Bay, where the shelf breaks in the passway of the eastward coastal branch of the Tsushima Warm Current, have been examined using temperature and salinity data from 26 local stations collected in the 32 years from 1963 through 1994. The results show that the flow pattern around the bay, as inferred from the distributions of the geopotential anomaly at 300 dbar and saline core water, changes remarkably from summer to autumn. There are two obvious inflows into Toyama Bay in a year. One is the surface inflow of less saline water from east of the Noto Peninsula as the coastal-trapped density-driven flow of the coastal branch during the transition from May to July. In September, this inflow is abruptly weakened by a transient northwestward reversal flow in the intermediate layer around 100 m depth. This reversal flow is accompanied by the temporary shallowness of the pycnoclines inside the bay. At that time, another inflow with more saline water of the year occurs in the intermediate layer. From November until January, this reversal flow disappears and a southeastward passing through-flow gradually intensifies across the bay mouth, accompanied by deepening of the pycnoclines inside the bay. According to our interannual analysis over the 32-year study period, this reversal flow has been a stable seasonal phenomenon, except for only 4 years, in which a local warm region or warm eddy developed just north of the Noto Peninsula.     

海南岛以东外海的暖涡

本文对出现在海南岛以东外海的暖涡及其形成机制作了简略的回顾及分析，认为这个暖涡是常常出现在这区域的，其存在与南海北部的西向流在遇到陆架—陆坡海域作反气旋式偏转而延伸为南海暖流有关；同时当南海暖流流向东北作反气旋式弯曲时，在暖流右侧也会出现暖涡。暖涡冬季较弱，夏季当海南岛东岸在西南风作用下出现上升流时会得到加强。     

Phosphate Utilization in Phaeocystis pouchetii (Haptophyceae)

Abstract. .The phosphate uptake kinetics of single cells and colonies of the haptophycean alga Phaeocystis pouchetii were investigated in short- and long-term experiments. In phosphate-deprived cultures, the highest nutrient uptake rate (V_max) of both growth forms appeared to be similar. However, the half-saturation constant for phosphate uptake of the cells embedded in a colony (K_s= 3.08 μM) was considerably higher than that of the single cells (K_s= 0.31 μM). This is consistent with the existence of a diffusion barrier formed by the colony membrane and colonial mucus. Over a 24 h light/dark cycle, the phosphate assimilation rate in moderately limited colonies and single cells was nearly identical during the light period. In the following dark phase, colony cells maintained this uptake rate, whereas the uptake of the single cells diminished by 70 %. The high dark uptake rate in colonies ran parallel with the absorption and degradation of intracolonial carbon compounds, suggesting that the dissimilation of these compounds covers the energy requirements for phosphate uptake in the dark. In Phaeocystis cultures during a transition to phosphate depletion, a significant amount of phosphate was found in the colonial mucus, isolated by selective filtration. The possible absorption of phosphate by the mucus and the role of mucus in the energy budget seem to be an essential feature of phosphate uptake of colonies. Short-term measurement of phosphate uptake in colony cells may therefore underestimate the phosphate uptake of the whole colony.