松辽盆地南部白垩系天然气成藏条件

应用地震、地质、地化、测井资料对松辽盆地南部进行成藏条件分析。气藏分为:下部断陷地层煤型气气藏、上部坳陷地层伴生油型气气藏、浅层生物气藏。断陷地层气藏可以分为两种类型:原生气藏与次生气藏。原生气藏分布在断陷地层内及上覆坳陷地层的底部(泉一段下部),油气成藏取决于圈闭发育状况及距源岩的远近;油气藏的保存条件取决于后期构造运动的改造程度,气层具有连片分布的特征;次生油气藏分布在坳陷地层的泉头组中上部,油气成藏取决于三个条件:圈闭发育状况,深部气源,沟通浅部圈闭与深部气源的断裂。松辽盆地南部的油型伴生气以溶解气为主,只在中央坳陷边缘部位存在气顶气藏和气藏,资源量有限。松辽盆地南部青山口组及嫩江组的成熟源岩分布有限,其丰富的生物气资源亦应作为以后的天然气勘探目标。     

Types, Evolution and Pool-Controlling Significance of Pool Fluid Sources in Superimposed Basins： A Case Study from Paleozoic and Mesozoic in South China

Having multiple tectonic evolution stages, South China belongs to a superimposed basin in nature. Most marine gas pools became secondary pools. The pool fluid sources serve as the principal pool-controlling factors. On the basis of eight typical petroleum pools, the type, evolution in time-space, and the controlling of petroleum distribution of pool fluid sources are comprehensively analyzed. The main types of pool fluid sources include hydrocarbon, generated primarily and secondly from source rocks, gas cracked from crude oil, gas dissolved in water, inorganic gas, and mixed gases. In terms of evolution, the primary hydrocarbon was predominant prior to Indosinian; during Indosinian to Yen- shanian the secondary gas includes gas cracked from crude oil, gas generated secondarily, gas dissolved in water, and inorganic gas dominated; during Yenshanian to Himalayan the most fluid sources were mixed gases. Controlled by pool fluid sources, the pools with mixed gas sources distributed mainly in Upper Yangtze block, especially Sichuan (四川) basin; the pools with primary hydrocarbon sources distributed in paleo-uplifts such as Jiangnan (江南), but most of these pools became fossil pools; the pools with secondary hydrocarbon source distributed in the areas covered by Cretaceous and Eogene in Middle-Lower Yangtze blocks, and Chuxiong (楚雄), Shiwandashan (十万大山), and Nanpanjiang (南盘江) basins; the pools with inorganic gas source mainly formed and distributed in tensional structure areas.     

Social and ecological effectiveness of large marine protected areas

Large marine protected areas are increasingly being established to meet global conservation targets and promote sustainable use of resources. Although the factors affecting the performance of small-scale marine protected areas are relatively well studied, there is no such body of knowledge for large marine protected areas. We conducted a global meta-analysis to systematically investigate social, ecological, and governance characteristics of successful large marine protected areas with respect to several social and ecological outcomes. We included all large (>10,000 km²), implemented (>5 years of active management) marine protected areas that had sufficient data for analysis, for a total of twelve cases. We used the Social-Ecological Systems Meta-Analysis Database, and a consistent protocol for using secondary data and key informant interviews, to code proxies for fisheries, ecosystem health, and the wellbeing of user groups (mainly fishers). We tested four sets of hypotheses derived from the literature on small-scale marine protected areas and common-pool resources: (i) the attributes of species and ecosystems to be managed in the marine protected area, (ii) adherence to principles for designing small-scale marine protected areas, (iii) adherence to the design principles for common-pool resource management, and (iv) stakeholder participation. We found varying levels of support for these hypotheses. Improved fisheries were associated with older marine protected areas, and higher levels of enforcement. Declining fisheries were associated with several ecological and economic factors, including low productivity, high mobility, and high market value. High levels of participation were correlated with improvements in wellbeing and ecosystem health trends. Overall, this study constitutes an important first step in identifying factors affecting social wellbeing and ecological performance of large marine protected areas.     

基于注水模型的网络分析方法研究

基于网络结点虚拟缓冲池的概念,实现了对注水数学模型由注水通道→结点→出水通道到结点→出水通道的简化;通过对水量的分配,建立了复杂的水量控制模型;通过建立增量数学模型和流水扩散的模拟,实现了静态模型到动态模型的转变;通过建立水量的分配策略,为复杂的注水模型拓展了应用空间。     

北京夏季旱涝的大气环流特征及其与前期北太平洋SST的关系

利用1979~1995年的NOAA/NCAR高空再分析格点资料, 及同期北京夏季相当暴雨日数, 冬季和春季太平洋海面温度资料、进行北京夏季旱涝对比和相关分析, 结果表明:北京夏季旱涝的平均大气环流形势有明显差异, 且夏季涝年的平均大气环流距平场和夏季相当暴雨日数与大气环流的相关场都具有暴雨过程平均环流的主要特征; 北京夏季相当暴雨日数和大气环流场都与赤道西太平洋 (暖池) 的春季SST存在显著的遥相关, 春季暖池SST的异常变化是北京夏季旱涝预测的一个强信号。     

西太平洋暖池海温分布型及其与东亚大气环流的关系

采用海温资料和NCEP/NCAR 49 a再分析的高度场、风场资料,利用EOF、合成分析方法,研究了夏季暖池SSTA的时空演变,结果显示:夏季暖池SSTA具有整体一致性分布和南北区域的反对称分布两种空间分布型。根据这两种分布型划分了夏季暖池海温正、负异常年,分析了相应年份的风场环流特征,结果表明:SSTA为一致性分布时,暖异常年850 hPa暖池区上空有一反气旋偏差环流,副热带地区西风和低纬度地区东风都得到加强,200 hPa南亚上空为一反气旋偏差环流,沃克环流得到加强;冷异常年则相反。当SSTA为南北反对称分布时,北暖南冷年850 hPa暖池区上空为一反气旋偏差环流,15°N附近东风气流和赤道附近西风气流增强,200 hPa反气旋偏差环流中心移到东亚大陆上空,长江中下游地区为上升气流,降水明显增多,华北地区为下沉气流,降水减少;冷异常年则相反。     

渤海西岸偏东风对天津局地大暴雨的影响分析

利用加密自动气象站、多普勒天气雷达和风廓线雷达等高时空分辨率资料,分析2017年7月6日天津一次局地大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统发展演变特征,讨论渤海西岸边界层偏东风的垂直结构、温湿特性及其对局地大暴雨的作用。结果表明:局地大暴雨由两个暖区中尺度对流系统和一个低涡切变线系统造成,偏东风作用下的暖区第二个中尺度对流系统主导了局地大暴雨的形成。大暴雨中心两侧的温湿特征均呈“东高西低”分布,偏东气流具有暖湿特性,为暖区对流暴雨的发生发展提供了有利的环境条件。由于海陆地形差异,偏东气流自渤海向内陆推进过程中呈现明显的风速扰动特征,不仅导致水汽辐合,同时有利于上升运动发展。其中,0.6 km以下偏东风的中尺度扰动对局地大暴雨的触发和维持起重要作用,风速辐合强迫产生的上升气流是γ中尺度对流单体的重要触发机制,而强降水冷池出流与不断增强的暖湿偏东人流相互作用形成地面中尺度辐合线,使对流系统得以稳定维持,40 dBz以上强降水回波持续近3 h,平均6 min降水量达6.8 mm。此外,局地大暴雨的雨强变化与东风急流波动关系密切,急流的建立、发展、减弱和消失分别对应降水的陡增、峰值、减弱和陡降四个阶段。     

江南-雪峰山推覆体前缘沥青古油藏及油源对比

在江南-雪峰山推覆体前缘,下古生界中分布着一系列沥青古油藏。经野外实地观察调查,发现其主要赋存特征有：裂隙型炭沥青、溶洞-孔隙型沥青、裂隙-背斜型沥青、背斜-岩性复合型炭沥青。经过对所采集样品进行地球化学特征综合分析,认为本地区的有机质成熟度较高,并经受多期改造演化。油源对比结果显示,其主要来源于下寒武统的烃源,其次为下志留统的烃源。这一地区的沥青古油藏是一种多源多期成因,并经历了后期强烈改造。     

松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组页岩油储层中有机质微孔特征

页岩油储层中的有机质一直是页岩油研究的重点。用电子背散射(HDBSD)详细地研究了松辽盆地古龙凹陷古龙页岩油储层中的有机质中的微孔,发现了古龙页岩油储层有机质中的微孔非常发育。有机质微孔可以分为4种类型：(1)结构镜质体微孔;(2)均质镜质体微孔;(3)沥青质体微孔;(4)有机黏土微孔。有机质微米孔的直径多在1μm到数微米,圆形、近圆形或不规则;研究还发现,古龙页岩油储层中的孔隙度与有机碳呈一定的正相关关系。对有机质中的微孔孔隙度进行了初步的定量分析,获得了平均值为22.39%;初步计算表明有机微孔对储层孔隙度总的贡献在0.44%左右(有机碳取2.0%)。有机质中的微米孔(包括其他微米孔)可以与更高一级的微缝和页理缝互相联结,构成了一个很好的空间连通网络系统,为松辽盆地古龙页岩油的有效开发奠定了物质基础。     

香溪河流域土壤有机碳储量影响因素的空间相关性分析

采用第二次土壤普查资料估算了香溪河流域不同类型土壤的有机碳密度和碳库,并通过野外土样采集和室内测试获取土壤有机碳含量数据,选取信息熵模型定量研究香溪河流域不同土壤类型、地形地貌类型、成土母质类型、植被覆盖度、土壤厚度、坡度和土地利用方式与土壤有机碳密度之间的关系。研究结果表明,香溪河流域土壤有机碳总储量为75.18Tg,香溪河流域SOC密度主要集中在6.00~16.00kg/m2范围内,SOC密度呈现流域北部高、干流高,其他区域SOC密度高低相间的分布特征,这种分布特征与主要土壤类型和地形地貌类型的地理分布关系密切。香溪河流域各种土壤类型对各级有机碳密度的信息熵值差异明显,土壤类型对有机碳密度的影响作用与香溪河流域土壤有机碳密度与碳库计算结果一致,高山区,林地、农田和灌丛利于高密度有机碳的存储;植被覆盖度越高,越利于有机碳的存储;土壤厚度与有机碳密度的相关性高,而坡度与有机碳密度的相关性不明显;信息熵法实现了对各影响因子定量计算分析,结果较合理和可靠。