Geochemistry of coral from Papua New Guinea as a proxy for ENSO ocean–atmosphere interactions in the Pacific Warm Pool

A Porites sp. coral growing offshore from the Sepik and Ramu Rivers in equatorial northern Papua New Guinea has yielded an accurate 20-year history (1977–1996) of sea surface temperature (SST), river discharge, and wind-induced mixing of the upper water column. Depressions in average SSTs of about 0.5–1.0 °C (indicated by coral Sr/Ca) and markedly diminished freshwater runoff to the coastal ocean (indicated by coral δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C and UV fluorescence) are evident during the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events of 1982–1983, 1987 and 1991-1993. The perturbations recorded by the coral are in good agreement with changes in instrumental SST and river discharge/precipitation records, which are known to be diagnostic of the response of the Pacific Warm Pool ocean–atmosphere system to El Niño. Consideration of coastal ocean dynamics indicates that the establishment of northwest monsoon winds promotes mixing of near-surface waters to greater depths in the first quarter of most years, making the coral record sensitive to changes in the Asian–Australian monsoon cycle. Sudden cooling of SSTs by 1°C following westerly wind episodes, as indicated by the coral Sr/Ca, is consistent with greater mixing in the upper water column at these times. Furthermore, the coral UV fluorescence and oxygen isotope data indicate minimal contribution of river runoff to surface ocean waters at the beginning of most years, during the time of maximum discharge. This abrupt shift in flood-plume behaviour appears to reflect the duration and magnitude of northwest monsoon winds, which tend to disperse flood plume waters to a greater extent in the water column when wind-mixing is enhanced. Our results suggest that a multi-proxy geochemical approach to the production of long coral records should provide comprehensive reconstructions of tropical paleoclimate processes operating on interannual timescales.     

Features of clay minerals in the YSDP102 core on the continental shelf of the southeast Yellow Sea

Ninety-eight clay mineral samples from the YSDP102 core were analyzed by x-ray diffractometer to study the four clay minerals: illite, chlorite, kaolinite and smectite. Twenty-eight samples had been analyzed on the laser particle-siz eanalyzer to reveal the particle features of the sediments. Distribution of the clay minerals and the particle characteristics in the YSDP102 core show that the core experienced three different depositional periods and formed three different sedimentary intervals due to different sediment sources and different depositional environments. Features of the clay minerals and the heavy minerals in the YSDP102 core indicate that coarse-grained sediments and fine-grained sediments result from different sources. The Yellow Sea Warm Current has greatly influenced the sedimentary framework of this region since the current‘s formation.     

中国中世纪暖期气候变化的基本特征

对中世纪暖期（MWP）的时空分异和区域影响进行综合分析,关系到对近百年来全球气候变暖驱动力的正确认识,也有助于客观地解析20世纪气候变化增暖的历史地位.本研究对中国疆域内各个地区MWP的一些成果进行梳理和再思考,表明MWP在中国疆域内的存在是毋庸置疑的,但不同地区MWP表现出明显的时空差异.中国中东部地区在800—1300 AD存在明显温暖期,各种地质记录和文献记载都有较明显反映;虽然西北部MWP表现不很明显,但是众多石笋、湖泊沉积和风沙沉积也记录了500—1500 AD间呈现温暖湿润的气候特征;青藏高原各地MWP的表现差异明显,其中800—1100 AD暖期是高原东北部最暖的时期,而南部和西部最暖期分别出现于1150—1400 AD和1250—1500 AD.太阳辐射变化和火山活动可能是形成MWP的基本原因,而中国三大自然区下垫面条件的复杂多样性造成MWP发生过程和表现形式的时空分异.     

利用FY-3星载微波资料对热带气旋云系和暖核特征的分析

介绍了中国FY-3系列卫星搭载的微波遥感仪器性能特点,以“1109”超强台风“梅花”为研究个例.通过微波湿度计单通道微波图像和微波成像仪双极化通道散点图,分析了台风云系中云雨粒子对遥感通道辐射的吸收和散射效应,揭示了台风在微波图像上表现形式的内在物理原因.利用微波向量辐射传输模式的模拟表明:微波温度计各氧气吸收通道对热带气旋系统水汽和水凝物含量变化的敏感性不大.因此,可利用权重函数峰值位于对流层中上层的通道3,探测出台风暖核辐射信息.根据两者相匹配的5个较理想时次数据,选取距“梅花”中心400 km范围为研究区域,并提出用于修正扫描点分辨率不均匀所带来取样偏差的方法,分别计算出订正临边效应后的暖核强度,发现它同表征台风强度的中心海平面气压变化趋势相一致.     

Present-day climatology and projected changes of warm and cold days in the CNRM-CM3 global climate model

The impact of global warming on the warmest and coldest days of the annual cycle is explored according to an A2 scenario simulated by the CNRM-CM3 climate model in the framework of the IPCC AR4 intercomparison. Given the multi-model spread in IPCC projections, a validation strategy is proposed using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Validation of the late twentieth century model climatology shows that warm and cold model events are slightly too long and infrequent. Although interannual trends in the warm (cold) day occurrence were positive (negative) only for six (three) of the nine considered sub-continental regions, simulated model trends are always positive (negative). This different behaviour suggests that simulated non-anthropogenic decadal variability is small relative to anthropogenic trends. Large-scale synoptic processes associated with European regional warm and cold peaks are also described and validated. Regional cold peaks are better reproduced than warm peaks, whose intensity accuracy is limited by other physical variables. Positive (negative) winter anomalies of sea and land surface temperature lead to summers with severe (weak) temperatures. These inter-annual anomalies are generated by a persistent pressure dipole over Europe. Regarding climate change, warm (cold) events will become more (less) frequent and longer (shorter). The number of warm days will largely rise and the number of cold days will dramatically decrease. The intensity of warm days will be particularly pronounced over Europe, given the projected summer drying in this region. However, according to the limited skill of the CNRM model, these results must be considered with caution.     

Application of a semi-spectral cloud water parameterization to cooling tower plumes simulations

In order to simulate the plume produced by large natural draft cooling towers, a semi-spectral warm cloud parameterization has been implemented in an anelastic and non-hydrostatic 3D micro-scale meteorological code. The model results are compared to observations from a detailed field experiment carried out in 1980 at Bugey (location of an electrical nuclear power plant in the Rhône valley in East Central France) including airborne dynamical and microphysical measurements. Although we observe a slight overestimation of the liquid-water content, the results are satisfactory for all the 15 different cases simulated, which include different meteorological conditions ranging from low wind speed and convective conditions in clear sky to high wind and very cloudy. Such parameterization, which includes semi-spectral determination for droplet spectra, seems to be promising to describe plume interaction with atmosphere especially for aerosols and cloud droplets.     

东海黑潮暖舌的演变及其对我国气温的影响

利用高分辨率的海温分析资料模式资料,分析了黑潮暖舌与我国气温的关系,初步探讨了太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)等造成黑潮暖舌变化的可能原因。结果表明,冬季和春季东海黑潮暖舌存在明显的年际和年代际变化。暖舌在1996/1997年发生了一次突变,此前暖舌处在偏冷的状态,之后转为偏暖的状态。我国冬季和春季气温存在一定的年代际变化,1997年之后,冬季除东北和新疆外,气温有所偏高,而春季气温全国表现为一致的显著偏高。冬季和春季气温对黑潮暖舌存在邻(域)响应。冬季东海黑潮暖舌指数与冬季我国东部气温存在正相关,并且这一相关性能够延续到次年春季。冬季黑潮暖舌指数与我国4月海陆热力差异指数也存在显著的正相关。当冬季暖舌偏强(弱)时,4月海陆热力差异指数偏高(低),即东亚地区海陆热力差异偏大(小)。春季黑潮暖舌指数与春季我国中部及南方地区气温也存在正相关,当春季黑潮暖舌偏强(弱)时,上述地区气温将偏高(低)。PDO和黑潮暖舌之间的相互作用存在一个反馈机制。西风的增强,可通过使海洋向大气释放热量增加和向南的埃克曼(Ekman)输送,降低北太平洋中部的SST,而这一地区SST的降低对应着PDO的暖位相。增强的负风应力旋度在北太平洋副热带流涡中强迫出的向南斯维尔德鲁普(Sverdrup)流也偏强,而向北流动的东海黑潮的增强正是补偿了这一向南的海流。黑潮增强后经过两个月将大量热量输送至北太平洋中部,增强了这一地区的SST,而这对应着PDO的冷位相。     

Detecting multi-scale riverine topographic variability and its influence on Chinook salmon habitat selection

Quantifying geomorphic conditions that impact riverine ecosystems is critical in river management due to degraded riverine habitat, changing flow and thermal conditions, and increasing anthropogenic pressure. Geomorphic complexity at different scales directly impacts habitat heterogeneity and affects aquatic biodiversity resilience. Here we showed that the combination of continuous spatial survey at high resolution, topobathymetric light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and continuous wavelet analysis can help identify and characterize that complexity. We used a continuous wavelet analysis on 1-m resolution topobathymetry in three rivers in the Salmon River Basin, Idaho (USA), to identify different scales of topographic variability and the potential effects of this variability on salmonid redd site selection. On each river, wavelet scales characterized the topographic variability by portraying repeating patterns in the longitudinal profile. We found three major representative spatial wavelet scales of topographic variability in each river: a small wavelet scale associated with local morphology such as pools and riffles, a mid-wavelet scale that identified larger channel unit features, and a large wavelet scale related to valley-scale controls. The small wavelet scale was used to identify pools and riffles along the entire lengths of each river as well as areas with differing riffle-pool development. Areas along the rivers with high local topographic variability (high wavelet power) at all wavelet scales contained the largest features (i.e., deepest or longest pools) in the systems. By comparing the wavelet power for each wavelet scale to Chinook salmon redd locations, we found that higher small-scale wavelet power, which is related to pool-riffle topography, is important for redd site selection. The continuous wavelet methodology objectively identified scales of topographic variability present in these rivers, performed efficient channel-unit identification, and provided geomorphic assessment without laborious field surveys.     

全国土地质量地球化学调查二十年

土地质量地球化学调查计划是我国继区域化探全国扫面计划之后一个新的国家地球化学填图计划,该计划实施20年来,在支撑土壤环境污染防控、土地资源管理、国家重大立法、精准扶贫等方面做出了重大贡献,显著拓展了地质工作服务链。本文从计划的提出背景、项目的组织实施、主要进展、调查技术的进步和分析测试技术的提高与质量控制方案的完善等方面回顾了该计划的发展历程。从全国耕地地球化学状况、全国省会城市土壤环境质量状况、中国主要淡水湖泊沉积物环境质量状况、中国主要农耕区20年来土壤碳库变化4个方面对调查成果做了全面总结。全方位介绍了调查应用成果在土地管理、土壤污染防治、农业种植结构调整、脱贫攻坚、地方病防治、油气勘查、固体矿产勘查等7个领域中的应用。并在调查技术革新、评价方法创新和调查与研究融合三个方面对土地质量地球化学调查工作的未来发展趋势做了展望。     

南海海洋环流研究综述

综述了近二十年来南海海洋环流的主要研究成果,指出太阳辐射、季风和地形是影响南海环流的主要因素;提出了南海环流研究中应特别注意的几个关键问题,即南海环流的平均状态、南海暖流、南海中的局地涡旋、南海暖池、黑潮与南海水的交换、地形对南海环流的作用以及南海水温变化与ENSO的关系等;最后就目前研究中存在的困难提出了相应的对策。