风云三号D星MERSI AOD资料的同化应用研究

为了验证风云三号D星MERSI传感器的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据对地面PM_2.5的污染过程预报的效果,本文基于WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry)大气化学模式和三维变分同化方法,针对2020-02-10—2020-02-12中国北方地区的一次PM_2.5重污染过程,进行了同化和预报试验研究。同化数据来自常规地面站点的PM_2.5浓度数据和风云三号D星MERSI传感器的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据。控制试验不同化任何资料,3组同化试验分别为仅同化地面PM_2.5,仅同化卫星AOD,以及同时同化PM_2.5和卫星AOD两种资料。结果表明,3组同化试验都可以有效提高初始场准确率,以地面PM_2.5作为检验标准,仅同化PM_2.5、仅同化AOD、同时同化两种资料相对于控制试验,初始场的平均偏差分别降低54.9%、21.9%和49.0%,平均相关系...     

Observation of a summer tropopause fold by ozonesonde at Changchun,China: Comparison with reanalysis and model simulation

Tropopause folds are one of the key mechanisms of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) in extratropical regions, transporting ozone-rich stratospheric air into the middle and lower troposphere. Although there have been many studies of tropopause folds that have occurred over Europe and North America, a very limited amount of work has been carried out over northeastern Asia. Ozonesondes produced by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics were launched in Changchun (43.9°N, 125.2°E), Northeast China, in June 2013, and observed an ozone-enriched layer with thickness of 3 km and an ozone peak of 180 ppbv at 6 km in the troposphere. The circulation field from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim) dataset shows that this ozone peak was caused by a tropopause fold associated with a jet stream at the eastern flank of the East Asian trough. By analyzing the ozone data from the ozone monitoring instrument and Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) simulations, it was found that a high ozone concentration tongue originating from the lower stratosphere at high latitude (near central Siberia) intruded into the middle troposphere over Changchun between 5 and 8 km on 12 June 2013. The high-resolution WRF-Chem simulation was capable of describing events such as the tropopause fold that occurred on the cyclonic shear side of the jet stream. In addition, the TRAJ3D trajectory model was used to trace the origin of measured secondary ozone peaks in the middle troposphere back, for example, to stratospheric intrusion through the tropopause fold.     

Simulated Sensitivity of Ozone Generation to Precursors in Beijing during a High O3 Episode

This study uses the WRF-Chem model combined with the empirical kinetic modeling method (EKMA curve) to study the compound pollution event in Beijing that happened in 13-23 May 2017. Sensitivity tests are conducted to analyze ozone sensitivity to its precursors, and to develop emission reduction measures. The results suggest that the model can accurately simulate the compound pollution process of photochemistry and haze. When VOCs and NOx were reduced by the same proportion, the effect of O3 reduction at peak time was more obvious, and the effect during daytime was more significant than at night. The degree of change in ozone was peak time > daytime average. When reducing or increasing the ratio of precursors by 25％ at the same time, the effect of reducing 25％ VOCs on the average ozone concentration reduction was most significant. The degree of change in ozone decreased with increasing altitude, the location of the ozone maximum change shifted westward, and its range narrowed. As the altitude increases, the VOCs-limited zone decreases, VOCs sensitivity decreases, NOx sensitivity increases. The controlled area changed from near-surface VOCs-limited to high-altitude NOx-limited. Upon examining the EKMA curve, we have found that suburban and urban are sensitive to VOCs. The sensitivity tests indicate that when VOCs in suburban are reduced about 60％, the O3-1h concentration could reach the standard, and when VOCs of the urban decreased by about 50％, the O3-1h concentration could reach the standard. Thus, these findings could provide references for the control of compound air pollution in Beijing.     

Impacts of uncertainty in AVOC emissions on the summer ROx budget and ozone production rate in the three most rapidly-developing economic growth regions of China

High levels of uncertainty in non-methane volatile organic compound （NMVOC） emissions in China could lead to significant variation in the budget of the sum of hydroxyl （OH） and peroxy （HO2,RO2） radicals （ROx =OH ＋ HO2 ＋ RO2） and the ozone production rate [P（O3）],but few studies have investigated this possibility,particularly with three-dimensional air quality models.We added diagnostic variables into the WRF-Chem model to assess the impact of the uncertainty in anthropogenic NMVOC （AVOC） emissions on the ROx budget and P（O3） in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,Yangtze River Delta,and Pearl River Delta of China.The WRF-Chem simulations were compared with satellite and ground observations,and previous observation-based model studies.Results indicated that 68％ increases （decreases） in AVOC emissions produced 4％-280％ increases （2％-80％ decreases） in the concentrations of OH,HO2,and RO2 in the three regions,and resulted in 35％-48％ enhancements （26％-39％ reductions） in the primary ROx production and ～ 65％ decreases （68％-73％ increases） of the P（O3） in Beijing,Shanghai,and Guangzhou.For the three cities,the two largest contributors to the ROx production rate were the reaction of O1D ＋ H2O and photolysis of HCHO,ALD2,and others; the reaction of OH ＋ NO2 （71％-85％） was the major ROx sink; and the major contributor to P（O3） was the reaction of HO2 ＋ NO （～ 65％）.Our results showed that AVOC emissions in 2006 from Zhang et al.（2009） have been underestimated by ～ 68％ in suburban areas and by ＞ 68％ in urban areas,implying that daily and hourly concentrations of secondary organic aerosols and inorganic aerosols could be substantially underestimated,and cloud condensation nuclei could be underestimated,whereas local and regional radiation was overestimated.     

2016年12月青岛一次持续重污染天气的观测分析与数值模拟

选取2016年12月17—22日青岛一次典型重污染天气,利用大气污染物监测结果、地面气象要素观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）ERA5再分析数据对此次过程中大气污染物及气象场的变化特征进行分析。观测分析表明此次污染过程持续时间长达5 d以上,其中19—21日为重污染天气（PM 2.5 日均质量浓度ρ>150 μg·m-3）。根据气象场和PM2.5质量浓度变化特征,此次污染过程可分为3个阶段：17日02时—19日08时为青岛污染物累积阶段,研究区受西南风控制,PM2.5质量浓度逐渐上升,700 hPa等压面上高空槽的维持及槽前持续的南风、西南风有利于污染物累积,同时近地面相对湿度增加,是此次持续性重污染天气形成的重要条件;19日09时—20日20时为青岛污染维持加剧阶段,相对湿度大、风速很小,污染物扩散条件差,PM2.5质量浓度最高;20日21时—22日08时为青岛污染消散阶段,青岛对流层中下层及地面风速均增大并产生弱降水,有利于污染物扩散稀释和湿清除,PM2.5质量浓度逐渐降低。WRF-Chem数值模式能够较好地模拟出主要气象要素和青岛PM2.5 质量浓度的变化特征,模拟结果表明山东省内污染物排放贡献了青岛PM2.5的49.5%;污染物跨省输送对此次污染事件也有重要贡献,其中来自研究区以南的安徽和江苏的排放对青岛PM2.5的贡献率可达25.5%。     

利用WRF-Chem模式模拟分析人为气溶胶对台风Fitow(1323)强度及降水的影响

利用气象与化学模块在线耦合的模式WRF-Chem V3.5(Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled to Chemistry Version 3.5) 对1323号台风Fitow进行了模拟,设计无人为排放源、含人为排放源和人为排放源增加的三组模拟试验,对比分析了人为气溶胶对台风的影响。结果表明:人为气溶胶对台风移动路径影响较小。人为气溶胶增加,台风强度减弱,台风主体总累积降水量减少,靠近陆地阶段台风主体降水率减少。气溶胶的增多可提供更多的凝结核,台风外围云水增加,更多的云水可上升至冻结层以上形成过冷水,促进冰相粒子的形成,释放的潜热增加,使外围对流增强,降水增加。台风外围对流的发展,使低层入流的暖湿空气更多的在外围上升,向台风中心的入流减弱,眼墙的发展减弱,降水减少,台风强度减弱。台风外围的对流发展弱于眼墙的对流,降水仍以眼墙区为主,使累积降水量和降水率整体上表现为减少。     

深对流系统对污染气体CO垂直动力输送作用的数值模拟研究

本文采用高分辨率WRF-Chem模式模拟了2014年7月27日和8月24日发生于长三角地区的两次强度不同的深对流系统对污染气体CO的再分布作用,对比分析了模拟的两次深对流系统在CO垂直输送过程中的差异。通过与实际雷达回波的比较发现,两次模拟的深对流发生时间、回波强度等都与实际观测接近。8月24日深对流过程发生前的对流有效位能和0～6 km垂直风切变强度均高于7月27日个例,因此 8月24日深对流系统更不稳定,发展高度更高。从CO浓度垂直剖面、质量通量随高度的变化特征发现,7月27日的深对流系统最高可以将CO输送到14 km高度处,8月24日的深对流系统最高可以将CO输送到16 km高度处。对CO浓度的垂直通量散度平均垂直廓线分析看出,7月27的深对流系统主要将CO输送到12 km附近,导致7月27日个例对流层中层的CO浓度更高,8月24日的深对流系统主要将CO输送到15 km附近,导致8月24日个例对流层上层的CO浓度更高。对垂直通量求和的分析表明,8月24日的深对流系统每小时垂直输送的CO浓度是7月27的1.3倍,而考虑到8月24日的深对流系统持续时间更长,8月24日的深对流系统对CO的垂直输送作用远远大于7月24日的深对流系统的垂直输送作用。     

2013年1月华北地区重雾霾过程及其成因的模拟分析

2013年1月11~14日,华北地区经历重雾霾过程。为了探讨其形成原因,利用大气化学模式系统Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)-Chem模拟2013年1月华北地区气溶胶的时空变化。模拟的能见度、气象要素(温度、湿度、降水、风速和风向)以及细颗粒物(PM2.5,大气中直径≤2.5μm的颗粒物)地表浓度的时间变化与近地面观测值都较为吻合。模拟结果表明,1月11~14日,细颗粒物高值分布于河北省南部和东部、天津地区以及北京地区,其日均值约为400~500μg m–3。通过与历史气候数据比较发现,2013年1月10~15日华北地区的气象条件表现为较大的相对湿度正距平(20%~40%)以及风速的负距平(-1 m s–1)。北京站点的探空数据还表明,在1月11~13日期间,垂直方向上,1 km以下的大气中存在明显的逆温层,并且湿度保持较高的值(80%~90%)。模拟结果表明,1月11~14日,近地面南向风和东向风将水汽输送到华北地区,上层大气(850hPa)的西北风则将沙尘输送到华北地区。以上气象条件有利于气溶胶的吸湿增长和浓度的聚集。硝酸盐的收支分析表明,在北京地区,与1~9日相比,10~14日夜间化学生成和传输的显著增加都贡献于硝酸盐浓度,是重雾霾形成的主要原因。     

新冠肺炎疫情时期四川盆地大气污染成因分析

由于新型冠状肺炎病毒(COVID-19)的爆发,中国从2020年春节起实施了限制出行、交通管制等一系列措施,污染物排放量大幅度减少,但四川盆地区域仍出现了多次轻度空气污染事件。本文结合空气质量观测数据与WRF-Chem模式模拟分析了疫情封控减排时期四川盆地污染的时空分布及成因。四川盆地区域二氧化氮(NO₂)因人为活动减排从35.0μg·m^-3下降至20.2μg·m^-3,减少比例约为40%～60%,而臭氧(O₃)因NO_X-VOCs-O₃的非线性关系以及四川盆地区域氮氧化物(NO_X)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放与减排的不均衡反而从27.5μg·m^-3上升至41.4μg·m^-3,在重庆甚至增幅高达100%,进而促进了四川盆地区域气态污染物的氧化和二次细颗粒物的生成。疫情减排对污染的影响存在较为显著的区域差异,在成都、重庆地区,二次污染的生成一定程度上抵消了一次污染物减排的影响,二次污染物与一次污...