软岩下桥隧相连段车辆冲击效应模型试验研究

为研究软弱围岩（Ⅳ、Ⅴ级）条件下桥、隧相连段在后期运营中车辆荷载及其冲击作用下的力学行为、作用效应等,依托相关工程实例开展了系统的室内模型试验研究。结合桥、隧相连工程的实际特点,依据相似理论,给出了模型试验中桥、隧结构及洞周岩土体各物理量间的相似关系,对模型试验方法进行了系统的分析和阐述。通过模型试验研究表明,Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩条件下的桥、隧相连段中,运营中的汽车荷载及其冲击作用,易使桥梁、隧道衬砌关键部位产生不利力学效应或结构损伤,使桥梁跨中、搭接端及洞底产生过大位移或沉降,并易使隧道洞口围岩稳定性降低等。因此,对桥隧相连段的桥、隧及洞口围岩各关键部位宜采取局部加强措施,以避免各种损伤或病害的发生     

顺层岩质边坡地震动力响应研究

地震作用下边坡的动力响应研究是边坡动力稳定分析的基础,利用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立一个顺层岩质边坡动力数值模拟模型,对其在竖向和水平向地震耦合作用下的动力响应全过程进行研究。研究表明,地震竖向和水平向耦合作用模拟比简单的模拟水平向振动更加接近实际情况,对岩土体的破坏更大;顺层岩质边坡在耦合地震作用下存在垂直放大和临空面放大作用;坡面水平向和竖向加速度均随高程增加呈增大趋势,在结构面处增大特别明显;竖向地震波产生的水平与竖向拉裂是触发斜坡体产生初期崩滑破坏的主控因素;边坡动力响应特征值的放大效应表明,其放大系数值从大到小依次是：竖向加速度＞水平加速度＞竖向速度＞水平速度;耦合地震波作用下,随着av /aH的增大,坡面监测各点横向位移基本呈增大趋势,说明竖向地震作用起了重要的破坏作用。     

The relativistic factor in the orbital dynamics of point masses

There is a growing population of relativistically relevant minor bodies in the Solar System and a growing population of massive extrasolar planets with orbits very close to the central star where relativistic effects should have some signature. Our purpose is to review how general relativity affects the orbital dynamics of the planetary systems and to define a suitable relativistic correction for Solar System orbital studies when only point masses are considered. Using relativistic formulae for the N body problem suited for a planetary system given in the literature we present a series of numerical orbital integrations designed to test the relevance of the effects due to the general theory of relativity in the case of our Solar System. Comparison between different algorithms for accounting for the relativistic corrections are performed. Relativistic effects generated by the Sun or by the central star are the most relevant ones and produce evident modifications in the secular dynamics of the inner Solar System. The Kozai mechanism, for example, is modified due to the relativistic effects on the argument of the perihelion. Relativistic effects generated by planets instead are of very low relevance but detectable in numerical simulations.     

恒星大气中Li的non-LTE效应研究进展

Li元素是性质非常活跃且易发生核反应的轻核元素.其精确的丰度可以检验宇宙大爆炸学说.Li元素在宇宙早期化学演化、元素核合成理论和恒星的结构与演化研究中都有着非常重要的地位.近几年来,人们逐渐认识到在局部热动平衡(LTE)的假设下不能准确得到Li丰度,特别在冷的矮星中非局部热动平衡(non-LTE)效应的影响不容忽视,随着理论的发展,人们对原子参数有了更深入的了解,对non-LTE效应的研究也更趋成熟.确定元素丰度时考虑non-LTE影响已成为主要趋势.该文分析了影响Li元素non-LTE效应的各种机制,介绍了确定Li元素non-LTE效应的重要参数及Li原子模型的发展历程,最后对Li在各类恒星中的non-LTE效应进行了综合分析.     

Thermomechanical analysis of long-term global modal and local deformation measurements of the Kishwaukee bridge using the bootstrap

In this paper we present a comparative analysis of global frequency and local deformation data for a large concrete bridge. The asymptotic probability distributions of the central statistics are presented, and compared with empirical bootstrap estimates. Bootstrapped distributions are calculated from reference data obtained during 1999-2000 and used to develop change-point alarm criteria for the structure, using reasonable sensitivity measures developed from FEM simulations and structural analysis. The implications of the frequency data are discussed in conjunction with the strain and displacement measurements in order to discern if the load carrying capacity of the bridge has been affected. The critical need for more advanced temperature compensation models for large structures continually in thermal disequilibrium is discussed.     

中国及邻近地区污染排放对对流层臭氧变化与辐射影响的研究

利用双向耦合的区域气候模式和大气化学模式系统, 研究了中国与邻近地区人为污染排放引起对流层臭氧变化和产生的辐射强迫.结果表明, 污染排放对对流层臭氧含量的影响有明显的季节变化, 对北方的影响不如南方显著, 西部的季节变化稳定且小于东部, 内陆污染地区各季节臭氧柱含量的变化量均较高.对整个模拟区域而言, 臭氧变化量的年平均值为30.928 DU, 春季最大为32.168 DU, 而空间分布变化在12～38 DU之间.臭氧变化量对北方地区辐射的影响较小, 而对低纬和华东地区影响较大, 臭氧变化量引起的晴空地气系统短波辐射强迫、长波辐射强迫的平均值分别是0.185 W·m-2和0.464 W·m-2, 标准化短波辐射强迫与净辐射强迫值为0.006 W·m-2·DU-1和0.021 W·m-2·DU-1.气候反馈过程对对流层臭氧含量的影响范围在-0.470～0.752 DU之间, 包含气候反馈过程的区域年平均臭氧变化量是30.942 DU.在气候反馈条件下, 臭氧变化量的短波和长波辐射强迫分别是0.249 W·m-2及 0.482 W·m-2, 标准化的短波与净辐射强迫值为0.008 W·m-2·DU-1和0.024 W·m-2·DU-1.臭氧变化量导致地表温度的变化范围在±0.80 K之间.     

Modified three‐dimensional seismic assessment method for buildings based on ambient vibration tests: extrapolation to higher shaking levels and measuring the dynamic amplification portion of natural torsion

This paper presents applications of the modified 3D‐SAM approach, a three‐dimensional seismic assessment methodology for buildings directly based on in situ experimental modal tests to calculate global seismic demands and the dynamic amplification portion of natural torsion. Considering that the building modal properties change from weak to strong motion levels, appropriate modification factors are proposed to extend the application of the method to stronger earthquakes. The proposed approach is consistent with the performance‐based seismic assessment approach, which entails the prediction of seismic displacements and drift ratios that are related to the damage condition and therefore the functionality of the building. The modified 3D‐SAM is especially practical for structures that are expected to experience slight to moderate damage levels and in particular for post‐disaster buildings that are expected to remain functional after an earthquake. In the last section of this paper, 16 low to mid‐rise irregular buildings located in Montreal, Canada, and that have been tested under ambient vibrations are analyzed with the method, and the dynamic amplification portion of natural torsion of the dataset is reported and discussed. The proposed methodology is appropriate for large‐scale assessments of existing buildings and is applicable to any seismic region of the world. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic and equivalent static procedures for capacity design of controlled rocking steel braced frames

Controlled rocking steel braced frames (CRSBFs) have been proposed as a low‐damage seismic force resisting system with reliable self‐centring capabilities. Vertical post‐tensioning tendons are designed to self‐centre the system after rocking, and energy dissipation may be provided to limit the peak displacements. The post‐tensioning and energy dissipation can be designed using simple methods that rely primarily on the first‐mode response. However, the frame member forces are highly influenced by the higher‐mode response, resulting in more complex methods to design the frame members. This paper examines previous proposals and also proposes two new capacity design methods for CRSBFs. The first is a dynamic procedure that requires a truncated response spectrum analysis on a model of the frame with modified boundary conditions to consider the rocking behaviour. The second is an equivalent static method that does not require any modifications to the elastic frame model, instead using theory‐based lateral force distributions to consider the higher modes of the rocking structure. Neither method requires empirical calibration. The dynamic procedure is used to design two sets of CRSBFs with three, six, nine, twelve and eighteen stories, one set using a response modification factor of R = 8 and the other using up to R = 20. Based on the results of 800 nonlinear time history analyses, both methods are generally more accurate than the previous capacity design methods and at least as simple to implement. Finally, the displacement results suggest that taller CRSBFs designed using could still limit interstorey drifts to approximately 2.5% at the maximum considered earthquake level in the cases considered. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FACTORS IMPACTING THE ACCURACY OF APATITE(U-TH)/HE DATING

Apatite (U-Th)/He dating has gained popularity since its rejuvenation as geochronometry and thermochronometry applied in the deduction of the geological processes of the upper-three-km crust.However,this irreplaceable method,which has the lowest known closure temperature (~70℃),sometimes is suffering from large dispersion and deviation because of its dating theory,its analytical method,and its diffusion process.In this paper,we summarized ten factors impacting the accuracy of (U-Th)/He dating.They are grain size,fluid and mineral inclusions,α-particle ejection,α-particle implantation,U-Th zonation,radiation damage,chemical composition,samarium concentration,multiple thermal events,and U-series disequilibrium.We discussed how these ten factors would affect the (U-Th)/He ages and how to reduce and/or avoid the deviation caused by them.The factors of grain size (different size,different diffusion domain) and inclusions (parentless ⁴He) can be suppressed in the procedure of grain selection under binocular.It is the precise measurement of a homogenous crystal that endows the (U-Th)/He dating method credible due to the correction of α-particle ejection based on the dimension of crystals.The possible implantation of α-particles can be evaluated by the negative correlation of age and eU (eU=[U]+0.235[Th]).U-Th zonation,a heterogeneous distribution of parent nuclides,makes the correction of α-particle ejection inaccurate;besides,this factor also amplifies the side effects of radiation damage and grain size.LA-ICP-MS can detect this phenomenon.Radiation damage outstands when the samples experience reheating or long residence time in partial retention zone (40~70℃),indicated by the positive correlation between age and eU/[⁴He].Apatite (U-Th)/He age can be entangled by higher Cl content,with which the crystal accumulates more radiation damage,leading to a larger age,meanwhile this factor needs more investigation.Having larger half-life than U-series nuclides,the ¹⁴⁷Sm is not a big problem in the dating of a large timescale,while more precise event needs the data of ¹⁴⁷Sm in the age calculation.The multiple thermal events should be evaluated to exclude thermal perturbation,when applying the (U-Th)/He geo/thermochronology to the deduction of a particular thermal event.U-series disequilibrium has an impact on the ages smaller than 1Ma,making the age results larger than the true one.U-series disequilibrium method and mineral couples can solve this problem.Inclusion,α-particle ejection and implantation,and U-Th zonation are at the mercy of analytical methods.The factors stemming from helium diffusion in the crystals are grain size,radiation damage,Cl content,multiple thermal events.The dating theory of (U-Th)/He method renders U-series disequilibrium and ¹⁴⁷Sm outstand as side effects in some specific conditions.It would be our pleasure if this paper could provide some useful information for the works relevant to this dating method.     

复杂地形山区Landsat TM影像C校正策略与实验

采用分坡度、分NDVI（归一化差异植被指数）和分地类的C校正策略,对复杂地形山区Landsat TM影像进行地形校正,并运用视觉检验、回归分析和遥感分类精度将3种C校正策略的结果与传统的整体C校正进行对比,以探寻适合复杂地形山区的C校正策略。在此基础上,进一步探讨了地形校正对影像重采样尺度的响应。研究结果表明：与传统的整体C校正相比,采用分坡度、分NDVI和分地类的C校正策略能更好地消除原影像的凹凸感,减弱地形效应,且背阳面影像的过校正现象减少;各种C校正策略和整体C校正对Landsat TM影像不同波段的校正效果不一,其中,分地类的C校正策略对波段1、2、3和波段7的校正效果最好,分坡度的C校正策略对波段5的校正效果更佳,而整体C校正则对波段4的校正效果最好;虽然所有C校正均能有效地消除影像中的地形效应,但并未能提高影像分类精度;从不同重采样尺度C校正结果对比看,随着采样尺度增加,地形效应逐渐减弱,但并未完全消除,因此,中、低空间分辨率遥感影像的地形效应也不容忽视。