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91.
Low-frequency current fluctuations in the deep central equatorial Atlantic are analyzed using current meter measurements recorded
from November 1992 to November 1994. Current meters were located at about 14°W of longitude and 1° of latitude on both sides
of the equator between 1,700 m depth and the ocean bottom. At all sampling depths, the velocity fluctuations are dominantly
zonal and symmetrical with respect to the equator. At 1,700 and 2,000 m, the flow is dominated by annual period fluctuations,
at 3,000 m, the velocity field amplitude presents a minimum, and at 3,750 and 3,950 m, the flow is modulated by annual and
semiannual period variability. The annual signal exhibits an apparent upward phase propagation. When considering the phase
and the amplitude of the seasonal fluctuations, the data compare well with the outputs of a realistic numerical simulation
of the Atlantic Ocean. Together with a previous analysis of the model simulations, this supports the idea that the observed
annual fluctuations are due to wind-forced vertically propagating Kelvin and Rossby waves. Data and model do not provide deciding
evidences of the presence of semiannual equatorial waves deeper than 3,500 m depth in the central equatorial Atlantic Ocean. 相似文献
92.
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94.
结合黏弹性人工边界的时域波动输入方法和显式有限元法,设计了含垂直断层三维场地的SH波输入方法。基于建立的输入方法,研究了垂直断层对隧道地震响应的影响,并通过自由场算例验证了该方法具有较好精度。数值模拟结果表明:对于断层迎波侧的隧道结构,断层会对其地震动响应产生显著的放大作用,对于断层逆波侧的隧道结构,断层会对其产生隔离地震动的作用;相对周围围岩,断层介质的剪切波速越小,其产生的放大效应和隔震效果也会越显著;断层宽度越小,其对隧道地震动响应的影响范围也就越小,但是断层宽度的变化对于断层两侧隧道的地震动响应的影响并不明显。 相似文献
95.
利用6 h一次、水平分辨率为0.25°×0.25°的ERA-Interim再分析资料,对1979—2016年生成于四川盆地的西南涡的发生和发展进行统计分析。结果表明:四川盆地低涡集中生成于盆地内;在6月生成最多,7月发展最强;按移动情况不同可将其分为5类:东移型、东北移型、东南移型、西移型和少动型;东移型、东南移型、少动型低涡生成个数的峰值在6月,东北移型和西移型低涡生成个数的峰值在7月。夏季5类长生命史四川盆地低涡的结构和降水合成场表明:从发展强度看,东北移型最强,少动型最弱。从成熟期垂直结构看,除西移型外,低涡均随高度向西北或向西倾斜,在对流层低层为冷性结构,中层为暖性结构;东移型、东北移型、西移型低涡的正涡度区在垂直方向伸展更高;除东南移型、西移型低涡的强上升区与其中心重合外,其余类型位于其中心东侧。从降水特征看,除西移型外,其余类型低涡的降水中心均位于其移动路径东侧或东北侧,其中东北移型低涡成熟期6 h累计降水量最大。四川盆地低涡的强上升区、相对湿度大值区、位于对流层低层和中层的辐合辐散中心与降水所在位置有很好的对应关系,各物理量场相互作用共同促进低涡发展。 相似文献
96.
为了进一步认识闪电和固、液态降水的关系,本文利用三维雷暴云动力-电耦合数值模式,通过设置敏感性试验组,模拟了一次雷暴过程,分析雷暴中闪电和降水的特征,以及闪电和固、液态降水对垂直风速的依赖关系,探讨闪电与固、液态降水的时空分布关系和单次闪电表征的降水量(RPF:rainyields per flash)。结果表明:对流云降水中,液态降水占主要部分,但固态降水比液态降水对于垂直风速的依赖性更强。随着对流的增强,固态降水在总降水中占的比重越来越大。首次放电时间不断提前,闪电峰值落后垂直风速峰值,总闪数一开始随对流的增强而增加,对流一旦增强到一定程度,总闪数则逐渐减小。固态降水和液态降水的开始时间和峰值时间均随着对流的增强而不断提前,而液态降水出现时间和峰值时间均提前于固态降水。雷暴云首次放电的时间滞后于液态降水,而闪电峰值提前固态降水峰值或与固态降水峰值同时产生。雷暴云中的放电活动集中在强降水区域前缘的较弱降水区,强降水区对应的闪电较少,对流的增强会使降水区域面积、降水量和降水强度增加。由于液态降水总量远大于固态降水总量,固、液态RPF的数值相差达到一个量级,但单位时间内固态降水和液态降水增加的速率相近。在单位时间内闪电次数越多,RPF则越小,而固态RPF和闪电次数的线性相关性明显好于液态RPF,所以利用固态降水可以更好地预报闪电。这些结果有助于进一步认识闪电和降水的关系,并可为闪电预报提供新的思路。 相似文献
97.
The response of the Chesapeake Bay to river discharge under the influence and absence of tide is simulated with a numerical model. Four numerical experiments are examined: (1) response to river discharge only; (2) response to river discharge plus an ambient coastal current along the shelf outside the bay; (3) response to river discharge and tidal forcing; and (4) response to river discharge, tidal forcing, and ambient coastal current. The general salinity distribution in the four cases is similar to observations inside the bay. Observed features, such as low salinity in the western side of the bay, are consistent in model results. Also, a typical estuarine circulation with seaward current in the upper layer and landward current in the lower layer is obtained in the four cases. The two cases without tide produce stronger subtidal currents than the cases with tide owing to greater frictional effects in the cases with tide. Differences in salinity distributions among the four cases appear mostly outside the bay in terms of the outflow plume structure. The two cases without tide produce an upstream (as in a Kelvin wave sense) or northward branch of the outflow plume, while the cases with tide produce an expected downstream or southward plume. Increased friction in the cases with tide changes the vertical structure of outflow at the entrance to the bay and induces large horizontal variations in the exchange flow. Consequently, the outflow from the bay is more influenced by the bottom than in the cases without tide. Therefore, a tendency for a bottom-advected plume appears in the cases with tide, rather than a surface-advected plume, which develops in the cases without tide. Further analysis shows that the tidal current favors a salt balance between the horizontal and vertical advection of salinity around the plume and hinders the upstream expansion of the plume outside the bay. 相似文献
98.
Spatial variation of earthquake ground motion is an important phenomenon that cannot be ignored in the design and safety of strategic structures. Several models have been developed to describe this variation using statistical, mathematical or physical approaches. The latter approach is not specific to an event. A recent contribution, which uses such an approach and called complete stochastic deamplification approach (CSDA), was developed [1]. The aim of this paper is to analyze the spatial variation of earthquake motion induced by the propagation of body waves using the CSDA. Coherency functions are evaluated for the cases of SH–SV–P waves propagating through stratified soil. Results obtained show that the variation of the coherency function is not the same for vertical and horizontal components and that the motion is more coherent at depth than at the free surface. In fact, we found that the rate of decrease with frequency and distance is not the same if P–SV waves propagate through stratified soil. 相似文献
99.
100.
This study considers an important biome in aquatic environments, the subsurface ecosystem that evolves under low mixing conditions, from a theoretical point of view. Employing a conceptual model that involves phytoplankton, a limiting nutrient and sinking detritus, we use a set of key characteristics (thickness, depth, biomass amplitude/productivity) to qualitatively and quantitatively describe subsurface biomass maximum layers (SBMLs) of phytoplankton. These SBMLs are defined by the existence of two community compensation depths in the water column, which confine the layer of net community production; their depth coincides with the upper nutricline. Analysing the results of a large ensemble of simulations with a one-dimensional numerical model, we explore the parameter dependencies to obtain fundamental steady-state relationships that connect primary production, mortality and grazing, remineralization, vertical diffusion and detrital sinking. As a main result, we find that we can distinguish between factors that determine the vertically integrated primary production and others that affect only depth and shape (thickness and biomass amplitude) of this subsurface production layer. A simple relationship is derived analytically, which can be used to estimate the steady-state primary productivity in the subsurface oligotrophic ocean. The fundamental nature of the results provides further insight into the dynamics of these “hidden” ecosystems and their role in marine nutrient cycling. 相似文献