中国南北带地壳上地幔三维面波速度结构和各向异性

本文用长周期763地震仪面波群速度资料反演了中国南北带及邻区的三维速度结构.其中采集238条瑞利波和358条勒夫波混合频散曲线,使用均等显示滤波方法,并以4°×4°为一格将我国境内分为147格.用随机逆反演方法得到了研究区16格的纯路径频散.面波速度结构及演结果表明:1.莫霍界面深度一般在40—50km之间,最深达65km.总趋势是从东到西加深,且在南北带西侧南北两端向中部明显加深,东侧变化小.2.地幔顶部普遍出现很厚的低速层,上界面一般埋深60—80km.上地幔顶盖厚度一般为20—60km,速度为4.30—4.50km/s.3.研究区普遍存在各向异性,而且勒夫波和瑞利波速度的差值(V_(SV)—V_(SH))的绝对值随深度有增大的特点,在南北带南部和西北部V_(SV)—V_(SH)各向异性现象更为明显.     

利用偏度平衡自动提取机载LiDAR点云城区道路

针对机载LiDAR点云提取城区道路自动化程度低以及提取道路网不完整的问题,提出一种基于偏度平衡算法自动提取城区道路的方法。首先,计算末次回波点云中邻近点的坡度,依据城市道路设计标准选择坡度阈值,分离非地面点并获得初始道路点云;然后,利用偏度平衡算法计算出最优强度阈值,滤除非道路点,再结合道路与停车场的空间位置关系,通过点距精化初始道路点云;最后,对道路区域进行细化和平滑,得到道路中心线。通过定量分析及对比实验,该方法能够自动地从LiDAR点云中提取出较为完整的道路网。     

Beta Distribution of Surface Elevation of Random Waves

A probability density function (PDF) is derived of beta distribution with both λ3 (skewness) and λ4 (kurtosis) as parameters for weakly nonlinear wave surface elevation by use of a method recently proposed by Srokosz. This PDF not only has a simpler form than the well-known Gram-Charlier Series PDF derived by Longuet-Higgins. but also overcomes an obvious shortcoming of the latter that when the series is unsuitably truncated, the resulting PDF is locally negative. To test the derived beta PDF, laboratorial experiments of wind waves are conducted. The experimental data indicate that the theoretical requirements of the parameters in the beta PDF are fulfilled. The experimental results show that the present PDF is in better agreement with the measured data than the beta PDF only including parameter λ3, and also than the Gram-Charlier Series PDF truncated up to the term of H6.     

极浅海水区浅地层剖面浅层失真及校正

浅地层剖面调查是进行大陆架第四纪地质研究，浅海灾害地质研究和工程地的南调查的重要手段，剖面的质量与解释精度将对研究成果的可靠性造成直接影响。由于浅地层剖面系统的震源与水听器有一定的距离，因此它只是近似的垂直发射垂直的接收单道地震系统，当水深地了浅时造成了剖面浅层的失真，导致各层位的反射时间延迟，层与层之间双程走时缩短，计算出的层速度偏高，在地形起伏较大的区域，将造成地形失真，在潮差大的区域，计算出     

The Three Results of Sound Velocity Variance in Sediments During Controlled Stress-strain Testing from the South China Sea

Sound velocity in each type of seafloor sediment from the South China Sea varies with the development of strain in the controlled stress-strain course. Experiments show that there may exist three cases for the maximum sound velocity: (1) it appears at the stress peak; (2) it appears in the phase of no load; and (3) it appears at the end of the strain course. These results are related to physical-mechanical properties and structure of sediments.     

基于GSLS模型TI介质衰减拟声波方程

随着计算机硬件技术的发展以及高分辨率勘探需求的增加,我们希望能够更准确地模拟地下介质,得到更丰富的地层信息.然而,传统的声学假设并不能描述实际地层所存在各向异性和黏滞性,使得成像分辨率较低.为了实现深部储层的高精度成像,本文同时考虑了介质的各向异性和黏滞性,从TI介质弹性波的基本理论出发,结合各向异性GSLS理论,并通过声学近似方法导出基于GSLS模型的各向异性衰减拟声波方程.数值模拟表明该方程既能准确地描述各向异性介质下的准P波运动学规律,又能体现地层的吸收衰减效应;模型逆时偏移结果表明,在实现成像过程中考虑各向异性和黏滞性的影响,能对高陡构造清晰成像,且剖面振幅相对均衡,分辨率较高.     

Vp‐Vs relationship and amplitude variation with offset modelling of glauconitic greensand‡

The relationship between V_p and V_s may be used to predict V_s where only V_p is known. V_p/V_s is also used to identify pore fluids from seismic data and amplitude variation with offset analysis. Theoretical, physical, as well as statistical empirical V_p‐V_s relationships have been proposed for reservoir characterization when shear‐wave data are not available. In published work, the focus is primarily on the V_p‐V_s relationship of quartzitic sandstone. In order to broaden the picture we present V_p‐V_s relationships of greensand composed of quartz and glauconite by using data from the Paleocene greensand Nini oil field in the North Sea. A V_p‐V_s relationship derived from modelling is compared with empirical V_p‐V_s regressions from laboratory data as well as from log data. The accuracy of V_s prediction is quantified in terms of root‐mean‐square error. We find that the V_p‐V_s relationship derived from modelling works well for greensand shear‐wave velocity prediction. We model the seismic response of glauconitic greensand by using laboratory data from the Nini field. Our studies here reveal that brine‐saturated glauconitic greensand can have a similar seismic response to that from oil‐saturated quartzitic sandstone and that oil‐saturated strongly cemented greensand can have a similar amplitude variation with offset response to that from brine‐saturated weakly cemented greensand.     

由精密控制人工震源观测到的绵竹5.6级地震前后波速变化

地震危险区断层的应力状态变化及其精确测量一直是地球物理学关注的热点问题之一,主动震源探测技术的发展为解决上述问题带来了可能.汶川大地震后,结合汶川地震断裂带科学钻探,在四川省绵竹市九龙镇--跨越龙门山断裂带前山断裂,利用10 t精密控制人工震源进行了连续监测试验,在试验观测期间的2009年6月30日凌晨2时3分,当地发生了M_s5.6级地震,地震前后观测数据的对比分析表明,该地震发生前后,穿过断裂带的直达S波走时发生了时延为5~9 ms的微弱变化,射线路径上的平均波速相对下降了约0.3%,该时延主要是由地震同震效应引起的断裂带内应力调整和物性变化造成的.所使用的精密控制人工震源性能稳定,适于开展断层监测.这一结果对于发展断裂带主动震源动态监测技术具有重要意义.     

Simulation of broadband seismic ground motions at dam canyons by using a deterministic numerical approach

As a deterministic numerical approach for simulation of earthquake ground motions, the spectral element method (SEM) is applied to generate a broadband acceleration array for dam-canyons instead of the traditional empirical or stochastic methods. Specifically, the SEM analysis model with an extra fine mesh is used for the Pacoima Canyon to simulate the entire path starting from earthquake source rupture via the propagation medium to the local site. The source and the 3D earth model (velocity structure) are validated through the modeling of the Newhall earthquake on 28 October 2012 at a frequency of up to 8 Hz. Subsequently, the San Fernando earthquake records on 13 January 2001 are further used to study the effects of propagation path in simulation. Finally, the spatially varying ground motions at the Pacoima Canyon are obtained for different source mechanisms. The results show that the source mechanism and the local site topography significantly affect the distribution of the peak accelerations along the canyon.     

2011年1月安徽安庆M_S4.8地震震源区三维速度结构与发震构造讨论

2011年1月19日安徽安庆发生Ms4.8地震,本次地震发生在下扬子地块长江沿线前陆变形带.震后现场工作队调查汇总了建筑物破坏情况,计算得出较为精确的烈度分布.采用FOCMEC方法计算了主震震源机制解,并利用安徽地震台网对本次地震主余震的定位结果,结合地震层析成像技术对震源区地壳三维速度结构的成像结果进行分析,同时参考烈度分布的椭圆长轴优势方向,得出NE向的宿松-枞阳断裂可能是本次地震的发震断层的结论.