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121.
土壤团聚体作为径流搬运过程中的基本结构单元,其在径流运移中的剥蚀破坏影响着坡面径流入渗状况、泥沙含量及地表侵蚀过程的强度。利用变坡试验水槽,在不同流量(0.4~1.2 L/s)和坡度(8.8%~46.6%)范围内,详细分析了流量、坡度、径流水深和阻力系数对鄂南两种典型母质发育红壤团聚体剥蚀破坏的定量影响。研究结果表明,流量和坡度对两种母质发育红壤团聚体的剥蚀影响都是极显著的,坡度对两种红壤团聚体的剥蚀破坏影响均大于流量;不同流量和坡度组合下的团聚体剥蚀破坏变化规律不同,利用流量和坡度的幂函数可以准确地预测团聚体剥蚀程度;在两种水力学参数之间,团聚体剥蚀程度随着径流水深的增加而降低,随着阻力系数的变大剥蚀程度增加。 相似文献
122.
Coupled ‘storm‐flood’ depositional model: Application to the Miocene–Modern Baram Delta Province,north‐west Borneo 下载免费PDF全文
Daniel S. Collins Howard D. Johnson Peter A. Allison Pierre Guilpain Abdul Razak Damit 《Sedimentology》2017,64(5):1203-1235
The Miocene to Modern Baram Delta Province is a highly efficient source to sink system that has accumulated 9 to 12 km of coastal–deltaic to shelf sediments over the past 15 Myr. Facies analysis based on ca 1 km of total vertical outcrop stratigraphy, combined with subsurface geology and sedimentary processes in the present‐day Baram Delta Province, suggests a ‘storm‐flood’ depositional model comprising two distinct periods: (i) fair‐weather periods are dominated by alongshore sediment reworking and coastal sand accumulation; and (ii) monsoon‐driven storm periods are characterized by increased wave‐energy and offshore‐directed downwelling storm flow that occur simultaneously with peak fluvial discharge caused by storm precipitation (‘storm‐floods’). The modern equivalent environment has the following characteristics: (i) humid‐tropical monsoonal climate; (ii) narrow (ca <100 km) and steep (ca 1°), densely vegetated, coastal plain; (iii) deep tropical weathering of a mudstone‐dominated hinterland; (iv) multiple independent, small to moderate‐sized (102 to 105 km2) drainage basins; (v) predominance of river‐mouth bypassing; and (vi) supply‐dominated shelf. The ancient, proximal part of this system (the onshore Belait Formation) is dominated by strongly cyclical sandier‐upward successions (metre to decametre‐scale) comprising (from bottom to top): (i) finely laminated mudstone with millimetre‐scale silty laminae; (ii) heterolithic sandstone–mudstone alternations (centimetre to metre‐scale); and (iii) sharp‐based, swaley cross‐stratified sandstone beds and bedsets (metre to decimetre‐scale). Gutter casts (decimetre to metre‐scale) are widespread, they are filled with swaley cross‐stratified sandstone and their long axes are oriented perpendicular to the palaeo‐shoreline. The gutter casts and other associated waning‐flow event beds suggest that erosion and deposition was controlled by high‐energy, offshore‐directed, oscillatory‐dominated, sediment‐laden combined flows within a shoreface to delta front setting. The presence of multiple river mouths and exceptionally high rates of accommodation creation (characteristic of the Neogene to Recent Baram Delta Province; up to 3000 m Ma−1), in a ‘storm‐flood’‐dominated environment, resulted in a highly efficient and effective offshore‐directed sediment transport system. 相似文献
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124.
热液矿床的形成需要大量流体,而流体的运移需要包括地势差、岩石变形、热梯度及热异常等多种驱动力。这些流体驱动力与构造环境及过程有密切关系。流体压力状态和热场及地势差的组合决定了压性构造环境流体以向上运动为主,如造山型成矿系统,而张性构造环境流体以对流为主,如VMS和SEDEX成矿系统。造山作用造成的地势差及水平挤压作用所产生的超压可以驱动流体侧向迁移数百公里,如MVT成矿系统。但是,具体的成矿流体动力学过程比较复杂,且随构造演化而变化。在经历过多个大地构造演化阶段的地区,如地洼区,老的成矿流体动力系统不断被新的系统叠加或取代;新的构造单元需要来自地幔的流体源补充才有利于成矿。成矿学研究的是成矿作用与大地构造的关系,而流体动力学系统与大地构造环境密切相关,因此,成矿流体动力学应成为成矿学的一个重要组成部分。 相似文献
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126.
Structural analyses in the well-exposed Hilti mantle section in the Oman ophiolite suggest a model of forceful horizontal flow in the uppermost mantle at the edge of a diapir below a oceanic spreading center. Detailed structural mapping, focussed on high-T deformation (i.e., asthenospheric flow), revealed a gently undulated flat structure with a uniform east-west flow direction. When it is related to the N–S to NNW–SSE trending, vertical sheeted dike complex located to the east, this mantle flow is parallel to the spreading direction. Because the Moho is so flat lying, a large dunite occurrence at the south-western region is possibly ascribed to the Moho Transition Zone. Kinematic analysis shows that the shear direction generally changes from top-to-the west in the upper level, to top-to-the east in the lower level with respect to the Moho. This shear sense inversion is explained by a model of forceful flow due to an active mantle uprise and it is not compatible with a passive mantle uprise. In the plan section, the boundary of the shear sense inversion is subparallel to the flow direction and subperpendicular to the spreading axis. In cross section, the boundary appears to occur at various depths in the range of 200 m to 500 m. It shows that the active mantle uprise in the diapir center resulted in a channelled horizontal flow. 相似文献
127.
长期稳定河口流路方案评价 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
分析了长期稳定黄河河口流路的必要性及可行性,阐明了长期稳定流路的思路,对比评价了几条方案,提出了流路安排建议。 相似文献
128.
COEN J. RITSEMA JANNES STOLTE KLAAS OOSTINDIE ERIK VAN DEN ELSEN PAUL M. VAN DIJK 《水文研究》1996,10(8):1081-1089
Surface runoff may be generated when the rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity, or when the soil profile is saturated with water. Indications exist that both types of overland flow may occur in hilly agricultural loess regions. Here, for a loessial hillslope under maize in the southern part of The Netherlands, it was shown, with pressure head and runoff measurements, that Hortonian overland flow occurs during typical summer rain events. Surface runoff was initiated after saturation of the top 5–10 cm of the soil. Deeper in the soil, unsaturated conditions prevailed while runoff took place. Peak runoff discharges at the outlet of the subcatchment occurred a few minutes after peak rainfall intensities were measured. It appeared that SWMS_2D, a two-dimensional water flow model, was capable in simulating observed pressure head changes and runoff. Simulated potential runoff for the transect studied was higher by a magnitude of three than the measured areal average. This indicates effects of surface ponding, and the probable location of this particular transect in a region with high runoff production. 相似文献
129.
The highly accurate Boussinesq-type equations of Madsen et al. (Madsen, P.A., Bingham, H.B., Schäffer, H.A., 2003. Boussinesq-type formulations for fully nonlinear and extremely dispersive water waves: Derivation and analysis. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 459, 1075–1104; Madsen, P.A., Fuhrman, D.R., Wang, B., 2006. A Boussinesq-type method for fully nonlinear waves interacting with a rapidly varying bathymetry. Coast. Eng. 53, 487–504); Jamois et al. (Jamois, E., Fuhrman, D.R., Bingham, H.B., Molin, B., 2006. Wave-structure interactions and nonlinear wave processes on the weather side of reflective structures. Coast. Eng. 53, 929–945) are re-derived in a more general framework which establishes the correct relationship between the model in a velocity formulation and a velocity potential formulation. Although most work with this model has used the velocity formulation, the potential formulation is of interest because it reduces the computational effort by approximately a factor of two and facilitates a coupling to other potential flow solvers. A new shoaling enhancement operator is introduced to derive new models (in both formulations) with a velocity profile which is always consistent with the kinematic bottom boundary condition. The true behaviour of the velocity potential formulation with respect to linear shoaling is given for the first time, correcting errors made by Jamois et al. (Jamois, E., Fuhrman, D.R., Bingham, H.B., Molin, B., 2006. Wave-structure interactions and nonlinear wave processes on the weather side of reflective structures. Coast. Eng. 53, 929–945). An exact infinite series solution for the potential is obtained via a Taylor expansion about an arbitrary vertical position z = zˆ. For practical implementation however, the solution is expanded based on a slow variation of zˆ and terms are retained to first-order. With shoaling enhancement, the new models obtain a comparable accuracy in linear shoaling to the original velocity formulation. General consistency relations are also derived which are convenient for verifying that the differential operators satisfy a potential flow and/or conserve mass up to the order of truncation of the model. The performance of the new formulation is validated using computations of linear and nonlinear shoaling problems. The behaviour on a rapidly varying bathymetry is also checked using linear wave reflection from a shelf and Bragg scattering from an undulating bottom. Although the new models perform equally well for Bragg scattering they fail earlier than the existing model for reflection/transmission problems in very deep water. 相似文献
130.
中频泥石流具有较大危险性和暴发周期较长的特点,人类活动会诱发其发生并加剧其成灾严重程度,当沟道不能满足泄流输水能力时将发生堵溃,危及两岸甚至是主河河道安全。由于目前中频泥石流危险性分析的缺乏,因此以云南省哈达沟中频泥石流为例,探讨其特征和再次发生泥石流及导致沟道堵溃的危险性,并提出防治建议。结果显示:泥石流重度1.62 t/m3,泥石流沟口流速4.794 m/s,基于暴发频率10%情况下的沟口峰值流量为54.43 m3/s以及一次冲出总量为11072.03 m3;在下游沟道处修建有涵洞,其过流量为16.5 m3/s,小于20 a一遇泥石流流量,一旦发生大型泥石流,则有堵溃危险。研究发现哈达沟中频泥石流危险度为高度危险,堵溃历史判断其再次发生沟道堵溃并有泥石流堵塞腊普河的可能性。 相似文献