Measuring capital value in a commercial fishery: A distance function approach

The term “overcapitalized” is frequently used to describe the condition of various fisheries, and to explain why a fishery is in poor condition from a stock status perspective. Often, the concept of overcapitalization is associated with the number of active vessels in a fishery. Although vessel counts are important, they do not fully capture investment or disinvestment in a fishery, and only serve as a crude proxy for a richer concept of fishing capital. A better measure to judge whether overcapitalization is occurring would be the change in capital value for vessels operating, or permitted in a fishery, relative to a benchmark value. Unfortunately, data do not always exist to measure vessel value and associated changes through time. This study presents a method for calculating vessel capital value using a distance function, publicly available vessel sale price data, and non-parametric programming methods. Estimates of value for vessel attributes returned by the distance function are then used to estimate a total value for currently permitted vessels in the northeast region of the United States, and to construct a capital value index for vessels active in the squid, mackerel and butterfish (SMB) fishery between 1996 and 2016. Findings show that the total value of commercially permitted vessels in the northeast region is estimated to be between $606.6 and $769.7 million ($2016). Based on the constructed capital value index, the SMB fishery has undergone a period of disinvestment marked by both declining vessel numbers and capital value.     

粤港澳大湾区港口供应链优化研究

为充分发挥粤港澳大湾区港口的竞争优势,促进港口经济的协调发展,文章基于粤港澳大湾区主要港口的实际情况,构建供应链博弈模型并进行数值仿真,研究相关因素对深圳港和香港港绩效的影响。研究结果表明:随着商品价格和库存成本的提高,货物从深圳港向香港港转移,但转移幅度逐渐趋缓;深圳港在中低端商品的货源收集方面具有明显的竞争优势,而香港港对高端商品的吸引力更强;货运结构逐渐向中高端商品过渡对于提高港口收益具有促进作用,其中深圳港应通过降低商品库存成本而降低经营风险;深中通道和港珠澳大桥通车有效缩短腹地运输时间,对于绝大部分商品价格和库存成本组合都将提高粤港澳大湾区港口的总收益。     

4种酞酸酯在龙须菜-篮子鱼食物链中的积累放大研究

在模拟受控条件下,利用气相色谱方法研究分析了4种酞酸酯类化合物在龙须菜(Gracilaria lemane-iformis)-篮子鱼(Siganus oramin)食物链中的积累、分布和放大状况。结果表明,4种酞酸酯在龙须菜组织内的积累表现为:邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)>邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)>邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)>邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)。侧链最长的DEHP在龙须菜藻体内的含量随暴露时间的延长呈增加的趋势,30 d体内积累量可达2.35 mg/kg(鲜质量);侧链最短的DMP在龙须菜藻体内的质量比随时间变化差异不显著,约为0.05 mg/kg;在30 d的暴露中,4种酞酸酯DMP,DEP,DBP和DEHP在篮子鱼体内总质量比分别为0.08,0.41,1.72,3.11 mg/kg。其中DBP和DEHP在鱼内脏组织中有较高的积累和分布,分别为1.14 mg/kg和1.83 mg/kg,其次为鱼残体组织,肌肉组织中含量最低。DEHP和DBP在龙须菜和篮子鱼体不同组织中均有一定程度的富集(生物富集系数FBC均大于1)。其中DEHP和DBP在内脏组织中的FBC值分别高达9.16和5.68,在龙须菜-篮子鱼这个简单食物链传递中DEHP和DBP在篮子鱼内脏组织中存在放大现象。     

Assistance networks in seafood trade – A means to assess benefit distribution in small-scale fisheries

This article addresses the connections between value chain actors in the tropical-marine small-scale fisheries of Zanzibar, Tanzania, to contribute to a better understanding of the fisher-trader link and how connections in general might feed into livelihood security. A sample of 168 fishers and 130 traders was taken across 8 sites through questionnaires and observations. The small-scale fishery system is mapped using a value chain framework both traditionally and from a less economic point of view where the assistance-exchange networks between fishery actors add another layer of complexity. Auxiliary actors previously disregarded emerge from the latter method thus shedding light on the poorly understood distribution of benefits from seafood trade. Female actors participate quite differently, relative to males in the market system, detached from high-value links such as the tourist industry, and access to predetermined or secured sales deals. Data shows that the fisher-trader link is not as one-sided as previously presented. In fact it has a more symbiotic exchange deeply nested in a broader trading and social system. Expanding the analysis from this link by taking a further step downstream highlights traders’ own sales arrangements and the social pressures they are under in realizing them. A complex picture, inclusive of diversified perspectives, on interactions in the market place is presented, as well as a reflection on the remaining critical question: how to integrate this type of data into decisions about future fisheries governance.     

碱煮法:一种制备海洋浮游生物PCR模板DNA的实用方法

介绍了一种制备海洋浮游生物PCR模板DNA的方法——碱煮法。取少量海水样品(40μL)．直接经0．25mol／L艺机NaOH和99℃温育处理裂解细胞,从而得到环境样品总DNA。实验证明,该方法制备的模板DNA可用于细菌核糖体RNA、浮游植物叶绿体rbcL和浮游动物线粒体COI等基因的PCR扩增。但是,在使用通用引物扩增细菌基因时,假阳性很难避免。该法制备的模板DNA适用于扩增非细菌基因或者特异引物界定的细菌基因。该方法较传统制备方法快速、简便,样品需要量减少,适用于浮游生物分子遗传多样性研究。     

成山卫沙坝潟湖链的形成和近期演化

山东荣成市成山头南侧发育了一条沙坝和一系列的湖 ,组成成山卫湖链 ,以面积最大的天鹅湖有关资料为主 ,运用粒度分析、软体动物鉴定、14 C测年等方法 ,对So5 ,Sh5 ,Sh1和Sh6孔岩心进行分析 ,揭示了该湖链的形成过程 :距今 70 0 0a左右 ,海水开始入侵 ,形成了荣成湾 ,距今 6 0 0 0a左右 ,沙坝和坝内的一系列半封闭湖形成 .根据沙坝层理的观测资料分析了湖形成后自然作用下的演化动态 ,并指出近年来由于人类活动加剧 ,严重影响了湖的演化过程     

辽西凸起南段沙河街组双向物源沉积模式及油气勘探意义

古近系储层发育程度一直是制约辽西凸起南段勘探突破的关键因素。运用钻井地质、磷灰石裂变径迹分析、三维地震等基础资料,针对辽西凸起南段沙河街组储层发育问题,开展精细古热史-构造演化分析、古地貌半定量刻画,对目标区沙河街组储层进行预测,结果表明：辽西凸起南段主要经历了新生代早期构造抬升、古近纪沙河街组沉积期构造沉降、东营组沉积期构造反转和新近纪构造定型4个演化时期;断裂体系可划分为长期活动型、早断早衰型、晚断晚衰型3种断裂类型;辽西凹陷具有“盆满砂溢”的先天供源条件,构造演化的分段性特征又造成辽西凸起南段形成了特殊的“链状岛湾”沉积地貌,既可以为围区提供物源,形成近源沉积体,又可以形成较大的可容纳空间,汇聚来自于辽西凹陷满溢的砂体,在辽西凸起上形成了双向供源沉积模式。以上认识推动了旅大4-3油田的油气勘探评价,且对凸起围区的油气勘探具有较好的借鉴意义。     

四川丹巴梅龙沟“6·17”泥石流成灾机理分析

2020年6月17日丹巴县梅龙沟爆发了一次大规模泥石流,一次性冲出固体物质42.7×104 m3,形成泥石流-堰塞坝-溃决洪水-滑坡灾害链,造成5100余户2.12万余人被迫转移,直接经济损失达8亿元。根据现场调查、无人机航拍以及遥感解译,分析梅龙沟泥石流的成因及致灾机理,阐述了“物源成因”、“降雨激发”和“地形促进”对泥石流形成产生的影响。结果表明：（1）梅龙沟泥石流是在前期累计降雨和短时强降雨共同作用下形成;（2）梅龙沟泥石流源头为大石堡沟,起动模式为“沟岸垮塌-泥石流”;（3）泥石流沟内持续的物源补给以及东风棚子、梅龙村、大邑村三处大型滑坡产生的级联堵溃效应,致使泥石流流量不断放大,最终导致大量固体物质冲出沟口;（4）沟口形成的堰塞坝-溃决洪水-阿娘寨滑坡灾害链进一步增强了泥石流的致灾能力;（5）现阶段梅龙沟内物源丰富,临界启动降雨阈值降低,极易在雨季发生大规模泥石流,建议及时采取综合防治措施。     

Reliability of mooring lines and piles for a permanently manned vessel in a tropical cyclone environment

The factors of safety for stationkeeping systems in current standards (ISO, API) are not derived or validated using reliability analyses. As the oil and gas exploration and production is breaking new boundaries, deploying new floating systems and moving into regions with harsher environments, it is of paramount importance to understand what level of reliability these new marine structures are achieving. This paper presents a reliability analysis of the mooring system of a Floating LNG (FLNG) vessel permanently moored and permanently manned offshore North West Australia in a tropical cyclone environment. The reliability analysis addresses both the mooring chain and the pile foundation. The analysis accounts for the long term characteristics of the environment, including the short term variability, in response to a given sea state and the variability and uncertainty in strength of the mooring chain and the pile. The stationkeeping system was analysed using detailed time domain simulations, capturing system non-linearities and low frequency oscillations as well as wave frequency responses and, thereby, reducing modelling uncertainties to a minimum.It is found that for the conditions modelled, neither the chain nor the pile meet a target reliability of 10⁻⁴/annum using the factors of safety commonly used in design following current ISO and API standards. New factors of safety are proposed to achieve this target reliability. For the pile design, one complicating factor is that current design standards do not explicitly define the exceedance probability that should be associated with the characteristic value of the undrained shear strength to be used in the design. It is demonstrated that the required factor of safety is crucially dependent on the definition of this characteristic value and on the level and the type of uncertainty in the soil strength profile. A recommendation is made regarding the definition of this characteristic value and the associated factor of safety. Furthermore, it is found that designing the mooring system to an environmental condition with a return period of 10,000 yr (as an Abnormal Limit State event), and setting the factor of safety to unity, meets the target reliability of 10⁻⁴/annum for the pile, if the characteristic undrained shear strength is a lower bound, defined in this paper by the 10th percentile value. For the chain however, this target reliability is not achieved.     

矿产资源开发整合与区域矿业经济发展浅析——以潍坊市滨海新区卤水资源为例

对矿产资源开发进行整合是集中解决矿山布局不合理,实现规模化、集约化开发的重要手段,是调整矿业结构、促进矿业经济增长方式转变的有效途径。潍坊市滨海新区通过对卤水资源进行整合,初步实现了卤水资源的规模化开采和集约化经营,并在培育矿业龙头企业的基础上,注重矿业产业链的延伸和完整化,构建生态海洋化工产业集群,从而形成比较优势和核心竞争力,促进区域矿业经济发展。