The gawler ranges,South Australia: an unusual volcanic massif

The volcanic residuals of the Gawler Ranges together form an extensive massif that in its gross morphology differs markedly from most exposures of silicic volcanic rocks. The upland developed in two stages, the first involving differential fracture‐controlled subsurface weathering, the second the stripping of the regolith. As a result, an irregular weathering front was exposed, with domical projections prominent. These bornhardts are etch forms, and they are of considerable antiquity.

The differential weathering of the rock mass reflects the exploitation of various fracture systems by shallow groundwaters. Orthogonal fracture systems at various scales, sheet fractures and columnar joints control the morphology of the bornhardts in gross and in detail.

The exploitation of the structural base, which was established in the Middle Protero‐zoic, probably took place throughout the Late Proterozoic and the Palaeozoic, though only minor remnants of the Proterozoic land surface remain. The major landscape features developed during the Mesozoic. The weathering which initiated the bornhardts occurred in the Jurassic or earlier Mesozoic, and the landforms were exposed in Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary times.

Though structural forms dominate the present landscape, some major and some minor landforms are best explained in terms of climatic changes of the later Cainozoic. The palaeodrainage system, established under humid conditions by the Early Tertiary, was alluviated during the Cainozoic arid phases, and salinas were formed. The sand dunes of the region also reflect this aridity.     

尾矿砂沙害形成机理与工程治理措施的选择

尾矿砂沙害的形成过程,包含着尾矿砂强烈风蚀、尾矿砂输送搬运与堆积,以及尾矿砂吹扬在大气中的粉沙悬移等3个过程。上述3个过程对土地、大气、水体、道路、建筑物及农作物造成严重危害,甚至影响人身健康。研究结果表明,尾矿砂的治理,需采用固结沙面、切断沙源,即消除灾害源的方法。固结沙面的材料,宜采用坚固耐久、抗风蚀力强、具有较好蓄水保墒性能,以及保温能力高、且廉价的戈壁沙砾石。沙砾石覆盖之后,不仅固结了沙面,切断了沙源,而且为天然植物种子的散落和幼苗发育创造了稳定条件,加快了天然植物衍生。覆盖后的第一年雨季后,植物盖度到达了15%~30%,局部地段高达50%。     

碎石桩复合地基的研究进展与分析

从碎石桩复合地基的抗液化机理、抗液化性能判别方法、动力分析方法等方面入手,对国内外研究现状做了简要介 绍和分析。结果表明,过去的研究主要集中在碎石桩的加密效应和排水效应方面。对水平剪应力分担情况的研究相对较少 碎石桩复合地基抗液化效果判别方法的研究还有待深入。目前,动力分析方法基本上以粘弹性理论为基础,应加强弹塑性及 粘弹塑性有效应力动力分析方面的研究。     

Experimental investigation of the vertical pullout cyclic response of bucket foundations in sand

A series of 1 g model tests was conducted to investigate the accumulated vertical pullout displacement and unloading stiffness of bucket foundations embedded in dry and saturated sands. The foundations were subjected to vertical pullout cyclic loading with different load amplitudes. Cyclic load was applied up to 10⁴ cycles. Test results showed that the accumulated vertical pullout displacement increased with the increase in the number of load cycles and cyclic load amplitudes. The unloading stiffness of the bucket foundations decreased with the increase in load amplitude and number of cycles. Empirical equations were proposed based on the test results to evaluate the accumulated vertical pullout displacement and unloading stiffness of the bucket foundations in saturated sand. These equations can be used for the preliminary design of single or tripod bucket foundations.     

甘肃河西走廊沙尘暴与赤道中,东太平洋海温之间的遥相关分析

春、夏季甘肃河西走廊沙尘暴发生次数与赤道中、东太平洋海温之间遥相关分析结果表明：春、夏季河西走廊沙尘暴发生次数与前二年赤道中、东太平洋海温的负相关最好,时间过远或过近,相关性反而较差。利用前期的赤道中、东太平洋海温可以较好地预报出河西走廊春季沙尘暴发生的多寡。     

科尔沁沙地杨树苗木生长过程中蒸腾耗水规律研究

应用热平衡茎流测量技术,Li-6400光合作用测量系统和自动气象站,对科尔沁沙地杨树苗木生长过程中的蒸腾耗水规律及其与环境因子的关系进行研究。结果表明,杨树液流日变化曲线根据天气条件的不同呈现为多峰或宽峰状态,液流启动时间为04:30,并在21:00达到最低值。液流通量密度变化趋势与环境因子变化趋势相吻合,液流的变化是受各环境因子综合作用的结果。光合有效辐射(Q)和空气水蒸汽压亏缺(D)是杨树苗木蒸腾耗水的主要驱动因子,它们对于液流变化的影响快速而直接。杨树属于高耗水低水分利用型植物,适合在水分条件较好的立地条件下进行栽植。     

黄河和长江碎屑物质扩散研究——来自江苏沙脊物源示踪的约束

研究源-汇系统对于理解岩石风化、河流输砂、泥砂沉积以及陆地和海洋沉积过程具有重要意义。我国江苏省东海岸具有丰富的沉积物供应,在某些沿海地段形成了一系列沙脊,是进行沉积物源-汇过程研究的理想沉积记录之一。但目前对其物源区来自哪里还未达成共识。我们利用已发表的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和钾长石Pb同位素数据,结合江苏沙脊及其周缘区域的数据结果,详细厘定江苏沙脊的物源区,并运用蒙特卡罗反演模型定量评估江苏沙脊潜在物源区对其物质贡献率。结果表明江苏沙脊北部的碎屑物质主要受大别山(45%)和鲁中山区(24%)的共同影响;黄河(29%)、古黄河(27%)和长江(25%)的碎屑物质对江苏沙脊中部的物质组成起重要影响。江苏沙脊南部的物源主要来自长江(68%)。江苏沙脊的出现得益于黄河和长江这样的大陆尺度的大河搬运了丰富的碎屑物质到下游,南黄海西海岸的平坦地貌有利于保存这些碎屑物质,末次冰期后东亚陆架海动力过程(潮汐、海浪和沿岸流等)持续对其改造,这体现了河流-海洋在塑造河口-海岸地貌中的交互作用。     

用于旱地牧区灌溉的一种风力提水滴灌系统

我国西北地区降雨量低,气候干旱,但地下水埋藏浅,风力资源充足,以风能为动力,提取地下水灌溉,修复退化的自然生态具有社会意义和环境效益。本文简述了我国风力提水发展历史,分析所选用的风力提水机存在的问题并做出了几点改进。以内蒙古乌拉特中旗的海流图牧场为实验场地,通过钻孔数据,估计地下水储量,确定场地地质条件。根据场地年降水量、日照、日均风速、地下水运移与蒸发情况,计算可利用的风能能量并根据该地每年所需水量确定提水机数量。根据实验场地位置,制定了合理布置方案,设计了一套灌溉系统,并对其可行性进行了分析。通过现场单套设备的试验,表明该方案是可行的。该系统采用自然能源,一次投入,永久收益,具有良好的推广应用前景。     

Pathogenic fungi: an unacknowledged risk at coastal resorts? New insights on microbiological sand quality in Portugal

Whilst the potential impact on beach users from microorganisms in water has received considerable attention, there has been relatively little investigation into microbial contaminants in sand. Thirty three beaches across Portugal were analyzed during a five year period (2006-2010) to determine the presence of yeasts, pathogenic fungi, dermatophytes, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci in sand.Our results showed that 60.4% of the samples were positive for fungi and that 25.2% were positive for the bacterial parameters. The most frequent fungal species found were Candida sp. and Aspergillus sp., whereas intestinal enterococci were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Positive associations were detected among analyzed parameters and country-regions but none among those parameters and sampling period.Regarding threshold values, we propose 15 cfu/g for yeasts, 17 cfu/g for potential pathogenic fungi, 8 cfu/g for dermatophytes. Eighty four cfu/g for coliforms, 250 cfu/g for E. coli, and 100 cfu/g for intestinal enterococci.     

山东莱州浅滩地区沉积特征与沉积作用

通过系统采集海底表层沉积样品进行粒度测试分析,对现代莱州浅滩地区的沉积类型、粒度特征、泥沙搬运方式、运移趋势及沉积动力、沉积机制进行了研究。结果表明,莱州浅滩是形成于松散碎屑堆积海岸岬角岸外的砂砾质水下沙洲／沙脊,它的形成深刻改变了浅滩地区原有的沉积动力和机制,在浅滩两侧海域各自形成了大致对称的潮余环流,分别与两个主要...