冲、爆、钻复合性钻进工艺在大滚石、孤石桩孔中的应用

在大口径工程施工中，采用以往一般方法对付某些特殊复杂地层效果欠使。本文所介绍的采用钢丝绳冲击钻迸、爆破与硬质合金回转钻进（即冲、爆、钻）相结合复合性钻进工艺，基本解决了在大滚石、孤石桩孔中难以施工的问题。     

Tomographic determination of 3-D crustal structure — Joint inversion of explosion and earthquake data

In this paper, the theory and method, obtaining the tomographic determination of three-dimensional velocity structure of the crust by use of the joint inversion of explosion and earthquake data, are given. The velocity distribution of the crust is regarded as a continuous function of the spatial coordinates without parametrization of the velocity model ahead, so that the inversion solution would not be influenced by different parametrization procedures. The expressions of integration kernels, which relates the two kinds of data sets, are also given. The authors have processed the observed data in Tangshan earthquake region by the method proposed in this paper, and obtained the tomographic results of the middle and upper crust structures in this region. The comparison of these results with the result obtained only by the explosion data, has also been made.     

根据构造环境剪应力值水平区分地震和核爆炸

根据地震破裂的断裂力学模式，导出了震源参数与地震发生处的构造环境剪应力值t0之间的函数关系．据此，可以大量计算震源处的构造环境剪应力值或背景应力值．若把核爆炸当作地震来计算，发现核爆炸的t0值平均在20MPa左右，明显地高于同震级地震的t0值．其结果可以作为区分地震与核爆炸的依据．      

Discrimination between nuclear explosions and earthquakes based on consideration of tectonic ambient shear stress values

IntroductionFor the need of a nuclear test ban treaty, international society must make great efforts to find effective methods for discrimination between earthquake and nuclear explosion. Thereupon, many methods of discrimination of nuclear explosion appeared. But, at present, there is some uncertainty to discriminate middle or small nuclear explosion (Peppin, McEvilly, 1974; Richards, Zarales, 1990). When we study tectonic ambient shear stress field of Southern California, we find that str…     

Geochemical evidence for the characteristic of the 1908 Tunguska explosion body in Siberia, Russia

Twenty-two peat samples collected at different depths of a core including the layer affected by the 1908 explosion in Tunguska area of Central Siberia, Russia, and three basalt samples collected near the site, are analyzed by ICP-MS. The concentrations of Pd, Ni, Co, ΣREE, Ti and Sr in the event layers are 4–35 times higher than the background values in the normal layers. The variation of Pd is closely related to Ni, Co and ΣREE in the event layers, but not to these elements in the normal layers. It indicates that these excess elements came from the same source, i.e. the Tunguska explosion body. In addition, the patterns of Cl-chondrite-normalized REE in the event layers ((La/Yb)_N ≈2–3) are much flatter than those in the normal layers ((La/Yb)_N ≈7–143), and differ from those in the three basalt samples. The concentrations of REE in the three basalt samples are tens times higher than those in the event layers. It may be inferred that these excess elements could not be produced by the contamination of the terrestrial material, but probably by the Tunguska explosion body. Additionally, the ratios of Ti/Ni and Sr/Co in the event layers are close to those in comet. It implies that the solid part of the explosion body was compositionally similar to carbonaceous chondrites (Cl) and more probably a small comet. In terms of the Pd excess fluxes in the explosion area, it can be estimated that the celestial body that exploded over Tunguska in 1908 weighed more than 10⁷ tons, corresponding to a radius of > 126 m.     

火山气候学的研究进展

从资料、诊断分析和数值模拟等方面系统回顾了火山气候学的研究进展，并指出了火山气候学研究的一些重要问题。     

爆破振动诱发滑坡——浅析荥河电站六管段滑坡的发生原因

爆破振动使荥河电站六管段管沟裂缝、支墩下沉、钢管弯曲。该段第四系堆积层深厚,淤泥质亚粘土是滑坡形成的内因,在振动荷载作用下,产生触变,稀释,抗剪强度降低是滑坡形成的诱发原因。     

2015年8月12日天津化学爆炸产生的多模式面波分析及其应用研究

2015年8月12日天津滨海新区发生的强烈化学品爆炸造成了巨大的经济损失和社会影响.天津爆炸产生了清晰的大振幅面波信号,分析结果表明这组信号由基阶和高阶面波组成,可以追踪到约135 km外的远处台站.利用这组面波信号分别开展了以下研究：（1）利用附近三个台站记录的四个单频基阶Rayleigh波信号对爆破事件的绝对位置进行了网格搜索,结果与利用GPS测量的位置相差仅0.498 km;（2）分别利用网格搜索和主事件定位法,对两次子事件的相对位置进行了确定,距离约75 m左右,与前人研究结果吻合;（3）从面波记录中测量到36条基阶Rayleigh波、49条第一高阶Rayleigh波、9条基阶Love波和29条第一高阶Love波的频散曲线,并进一步反演获得研究区域地下4 km内的S波速度结构.反演结果显示地表处S波速度低至0.375 km·s^-1,在小于1 km的浅地表速度梯度较大,符合典型的盆地结构特征.本文的研究结果为类似爆炸等突发事件快速定位提供了新的思路,有助于灾后救援的迅速展开;同时得到天津滨海新区及周边浅层精细的速度结构,对于地震灾害评估有很大帮助.     

动载作用下饱和土壤液化的研究述评

从土壤液化的机理、影响因素、液化的判别、液化的分析方法以及液化后土壤的性质等方面详述了动载(地震荷载和爆炸荷载)作用下的饱和土壤液化的国内外研究成果(主要是近十年的研究),并对其作出了述评。最后,对今后土壤液化的研究工作作出了展望,认为以下问题需要开展深入研究:⑴液化分析中的土骨架的动力本构模型;⑵Rayle igh波对地震液化的影响;⑶建构物的存在对液化的影响;⑷液化后土的性质和液化引起的建构物破坏;⑸尤其爆炸液化问题。     

Seismic quantification of the explosions that destroyed the dome of Volcán de Colima, Mexico, in July–August 2003

In July–August 2003, the andesitic lava dome at Volcán de Colima, México, was destroyed by a sequence of explosions that replaced the 2×10⁶ m³ dome with a crater 200 m across and 30 m deep. The two strongest explosions occurred on July 17 and August 28. The initial low-frequency impulses that they produced, which were recorded on broadband seismic records, allowed an estimation of the counter forces of the initiating process as being equal to 0.3×10¹¹ N and 1×10¹¹ N for the July and August events, respectively. The seismic characteristics follow the Nishimura-Hamaguchi scaling law for volcanic explosions, reflecting self-similarity in the processes initiating explosive events. The results also show that counter forces can discriminate between the sizes of explosive eruptions that are assigned the same magnitude by conventional methods of classification such as the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The increasing use of broadband seismometers may therefore provide the basis for using counter forces to determine the magnitude of explosive eruptions.