磁层顶日下点距离R_0与磁暴D_（st）指数的相关性

利用2004—2006年ACE、WIND卫星观测的太阳风数据和相应时期反映磁暴大小的Dst指数,针对200个不同级别的磁暴事件,分析了磁层顶日下点距离R0与磁暴Dst指数的线性相关性。分析显示,在极端太阳风条件下,Dst指数时间序列比借助于Chao Model计算出的磁层顶日下点距离R0的时间序列延迟了约3h。经修正时间延迟后,对磁层顶日下点距离R0与磁暴Dst指数的线性相关性进行分析。结果表明：发生超级磁暴时,二者线性相关系数的均值为0.77;大磁暴时,线性相关系数的均值为0.74;中等磁暴时,线性相关系数的均值为0.47。此外,用最小二乘数据拟合得到了不同级别磁暴时的R0-Dst关系图。     

A THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE PRIESTLEY-TAYLOR COEFFICIENT

The relationship between potential evaporation and arealevaporation is assessed using a closed-box model of the convectiveboundary layer (CBL). Potential evaporation is defined as theevaporation that would occur from a hypothetical saturated surface,with radiative properties similar to those of the whole area, and smallenough that the excess moisture flux does not modify thecharacteristics of the CBL. It is shown that the equilibrium rate ofpotential evaporation is given by Ep0=E0,where E0 is the equilibrium evaporation (radiative termof the Penman formula), and is a coefficient similar to thePriestley-Taylor coefficient. Its expression is , where is the areal surface resistance, r_a is the localaerodynamic resistance, and is the dimensionless slope of thesaturation specific humidity at the temperature of the air. Itscalculated value is around 1 for any saturated surface surrounded bywater, about 1.3 for saturated grass surrounded by well-watered grassand can be greater than 3 over saturated forest surrounded by forest.The formulation obtained provides a theoretical basis to the overallmean value of 1.26, empirically found by Priestley and Taylor for thecoefficient . Examining, at the light of this formulation, thecomplementary relationship between potential and actual evaporation(as proposed by Bouchet and Morton), it appears that the sum ofthese two magnitudes is not a constant at equilibrium, but depends onthe value of the areal surface resistance.     

The Effects of Line-Wing Cutoff in LBL Integration on Radiation Calculations

There are three basic methods in radiative transfer calculations, i.e., line-by-line (LBL) integration, correlated k-distribution method, and band model. The LBL integration is the most accurate of all, in which, there are two quadrature algorithms named in this paper as integration by lines and by sampling "points when calculating atmospheric transmittance in the considered wavenumber region. Because the LBL integration is the most expensive of all, it is necessary and important to save calculation time but increase calculation speed when it is put into use in the daily operation in atmospheric remote sensing and atmospheric sounding. A simplified LBL method is given in this paper on the basis of integration by lines, which increases computational speed greatly with keeping the same accuracy. Then, we discuss the effects of different cutoff schemes on atmospheric absorption coefficient, transmittance, and cooling rate under both of accurate and simplified LBL methods in detail. There are four cutoff schemes described in this paper, i.e., CUTOFFs 1, 2, 3, and 4. It is shown by this numerical study that the way to cut off spectral line-wing has a great effect on the accuracy and speed of radiative calculations. The relative errors of the calculated absorption coefficients for CUTOFF 2 are the largest under different pressures, while for CUTOFF 1, they are less than 2% at most of sampling points and for CUTOFFs 3 or 4, they are ahnost less than 5% in the calculated spectral region, however, the calculation time is reduced greatly. We find in this study that the transmittance in the lower atmosphere is not sensitive to different LBL methods and different cutoff schemes. Whereas for the higher atmosphere, the differences of transmittance results between CUTOFF 2 and each of other three cutoff schemes are the biggest of all no matter for the accurate LBL or for the simplified LBL integrations. By comparison, the best and optimized cutoff scheme is given in this paper finally.     

中国西部汛期降水的时空演变分析

用中国西部１０省区（１１０°Ｅ以西）１３０个站的月降水资料，分析夏半年４—１０月的月降水相对系数、月际和年际标准差变化特征。结果表明，各地区受不同降水体系影响，降水在时空上的差异很大。天山北部主要受西风带降水体系影响，月际降水差异不大；西北地区受西太平洋副热带高压雨带影响，降水具有西进北抬尔后东退南辙的特征；高原季风雨带对四川西部、云南和西藏有明显影响，雨季从东南向西北开始，而结束与此相反。月际和年际标准差表明，在以南疆盆地为主的东北—西南一带地区的标准差为高值区，而该地区以东和以北地区的标准差呈逐渐减小趋势     

双通道能见度自动测量仪研究

从透射和散射的原理出发,推导了基于红外测量的双通道能见度仪的工程测量方程,比较了单通道和双通道能见度测量仪的性能,结果表明,双通道能见度测量仪具有精度高、性能稳定、使用可靠、维护量小的特点。     

基于相关系数和Fisher最优分割法的汛期分期研究

从径流形成原理出发,提出了采用降雨径流相关系数作为汛期分期指标的基本思路。以陕西省石头河水库1954~2007年的日降水和日流量资料为基础,采用主成分分析法对影响时段径流的因素进行了分析,筛选出了影响不同时段径流量的主要因素,计算了主要影响因素与时段径流量的相关系数,采用Fisher最优分割法将石头河水库汛期划分为汛前过渡期(4月1日~5月20日)、前汛期(5月21日~7月10日)、主汛期(7月11日~8月10日)、后汛期(8月11日~9月20日)和汛后过渡期(9月21日~10月31日),并结合区域气候特点和实际发生的洪水对成果进行了合理性论证。该方法资料要求低,计算简便,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

考虑应力水平的软土固结系数计算与试验研究

在固结度计算中通常将固结系数视为常数,实际上并非如此.通过研究软土固结系数在压缩过程中随应力水平变化的规律,推导出正常固结和超固结状态下固结系数与有效应力之间的表达式.在正常固结状态下,当应力水平小于在前期固结压力时,固结系数随应力水平的增加而增加;当超过前期固结压力后,固结系数随应力水平的增加而减小;在超固结状态下,固结系数随应力水平的增加而增加,在一定程度后趋于平稳.室内试验结果进一步说明了和验证固结系数这一特点.推导的固结系数与固结应力水平关系表达式是可行的,其计算值与试验结果的变化趋势一致,大小基本吻合,将其用于计算变形速率和固结度中,可提高准确性.     

降雨条件下考虑饱和渗透系数变异性的边坡可靠度分析

土体饱和渗透系数表现为天然的变异性,为此基于Green-Ampt模型建立了考虑饱和渗透系数变异性的降雨入渗物理模型,并藉此模型确定了坡体湿润锋深度和含水率分布。然后结合无限长非饱和土边坡稳定模型得到解析形式的反映边坡稳定性的极限状态函数。采用Monte Carlo法对饱和渗透系数进行随机抽样并最终建立降雨条件下考虑饱和渗透系数变异性的边坡概率分析框架。针对一假想边坡,探讨了饱和渗透系数的变异系数、降雨持时和降雨强度对边坡破坏概率以及破坏发生时间概率分布的影响,结果表明：在降雨初期,边坡的破坏概率随饱和渗透系数变异性的增强而逐渐增加,但随着降雨的持续,破坏概率开始随变异性的增强而显著降低;滑坡最可能发生时间的大小并不受饱和渗透系数变异性的影响,而是直接取决于降雨强度;滑坡最可能发生时间所对应的概率却随变异性的增强而逐渐减小。     

南极威德尔海冬季冰脊形拖曳力

利用2006年南极威德尔海冬季科学考察期间由机载激光高度计测得的海冰上表面形态数据,以拖曳分割理论为基础研究了冰脊形拖曳力及其对冰-气总拖曳力的贡献以及中性条件下对应10 m高度处风速的冰-气拖曳系数C_dn(10)。结果显示,在密集冰区,冰脊形拖曳力及其对总拖曳力的贡献随冰脊强度(脊高/脊距)的增大呈递增趋势,而随粗糙长度的增大而减小,对应于威德尔海冬季典型冰脊强度和粗糙长度,占总拖曳力的35%,说明了冰脊形拖曳力在冰-气界面动量交换中的重要作用。C_dn(10)随冰脊强度的增大而增大,但冰脊强度较小时,C_dn(10)随粗糙长度增大而增大;而对较大的冰脊强度,C_dn(10)则随粗糙长度增大而减小。     

植被的微波散射与吸收特征

被动微波遥感中大尺度像元内植被种类多种多样并且分布不均匀，较低频率下像元尺度内的植被影响可以根据单个散射体的散射与衰减特性获得。本文讨论了任意朝向的各类植被散射体的计算问题。其中叶片和针叶的散射采用了一般化Rayleigh-Gans计算；杆的散射采用了无限长近似理论。关于各类散射体的衰减，本文比较了散射系数和吸收系数之和，与前向散射定理的结果，并对前向定理的适用性进行了讨论。