Surface current variability in the Keum River Estuary (South Korea) during summer 2002 as observed by high-frequency radar and coastal monitoring buoy

High-frequency (HF) radar observations of surface currents were conducted for 3 months during summer 2002 in the Keum River estuary. A comparison between HF radar-derived currents and directly measured ones form a buoy showed that the regression slope is close to 1 and the correlation coefficient greater than 0.86, with an RMS difference less than 13 cm/s which is less than 17% of the tidal current. This fairly good agreement allows us to use HF radar observation in investigating the surface flow and circulation in this tidal-current-dominant coastal-plume area. To examine the spatial variation in tidal current characteristics, as well as currents associated with non-tidal forcing, the HF radar-derived currents were separated into tidal and sub-tidal frequency currents. The overall pattern of M₂-current ellipse distribution in the study area showed a counterclockwise rotation, with the offshore maximum current direction to the northeast. Eccentricity, the direction of maximum current, and the phase of net motion of the ellipse changed near the estuary mouth and near the gap of the Saemangeum reclamation tide dyke due to the complex coastal geometry and the out-flowing jet during the ebb period.     

Tidal effects on estuarine circulation and outflow plume in the Chesapeake Bay

The response of the Chesapeake Bay to river discharge under the influence and absence of tide is simulated with a numerical model. Four numerical experiments are examined: (1) response to river discharge only; (2) response to river discharge plus an ambient coastal current along the shelf outside the bay; (3) response to river discharge and tidal forcing; and (4) response to river discharge, tidal forcing, and ambient coastal current. The general salinity distribution in the four cases is similar to observations inside the bay. Observed features, such as low salinity in the western side of the bay, are consistent in model results. Also, a typical estuarine circulation with seaward current in the upper layer and landward current in the lower layer is obtained in the four cases. The two cases without tide produce stronger subtidal currents than the cases with tide owing to greater frictional effects in the cases with tide. Differences in salinity distributions among the four cases appear mostly outside the bay in terms of the outflow plume structure. The two cases without tide produce an upstream (as in a Kelvin wave sense) or northward branch of the outflow plume, while the cases with tide produce an expected downstream or southward plume. Increased friction in the cases with tide changes the vertical structure of outflow at the entrance to the bay and induces large horizontal variations in the exchange flow. Consequently, the outflow from the bay is more influenced by the bottom than in the cases without tide. Therefore, a tendency for a bottom-advected plume appears in the cases with tide, rather than a surface-advected plume, which develops in the cases without tide. Further analysis shows that the tidal current favors a salt balance between the horizontal and vertical advection of salinity around the plume and hinders the upstream expansion of the plume outside the bay.     

1991年夏季长江中下游降水和风场的低频振荡特征分析

对 1 991长江中下游地区夏季降水和风场进行 Morlet小波分析 ,结果表明 :这些要素有明显的低频特征 ,其变化具有阶段性的特点。 6月中旬之前主要表现为准双周振荡 ,6月中旬之后 3 0～ 60 d振荡逐渐明显 ;低频西风峰值超前降水峰值 2～ 4d。通过对散度场及流场的分析发现 ,7月份以后 ,低纬低频系统北传 ,同时中纬 40～50°N低频系统南传 ,两者交汇在 3 0～ 3 5°N,低频气流在长江中下游地区的辐合造成了两次大的降水过程     

机载侧视雷达图像在探测沙漠腹地故河道中的应用研究

以机载合成孔径侧视雷达图像(X波段)为主要信息源,根据雷达波探测故河道的基本原理,结合实地探险考察资料,分析了河道的影像特征,研究了河道的分布及其变迁过程,并通过采样测试数据和简化的数学模型,探讨了X波段雷达波的穿透作用。     

用变分法修正黑河试验数据的初步研究

为了对黑河试验观测资料进行订正,利用一个一维边界层垂直扩散模式和以拟牛顿极小化算法为基础的最优化方法建立了一个变分同化系统,其中,目标函数相对于控制变量的梯度用扰动法求取.并利用模式资料和黑河试验若干时刻的观测资料进行了一些数值试验.试验证明,将初始场变量与模式误差系数同时作为控制变量加以调整,能够有效调整初始场观测资料.并且,用变分同化方法能够较线性插值(时间、空间)方法更有效、合理的修正黑河试验观测资料场的种种缺陷.     

长江口九段沙下段冲淤演变水动力机制分析

概述了长江口深水航道整治一期工程及工程对九段沙下段地形冲淤的影响.根据已建立的σ坐标系下三维非线性水流数学模型,用新测水文资料对模型进行验证.利用所建立的模型,结合由现场测量得到一期工程前后九段沙下段近期地形演变,数值模拟了北槽区域流通量、底层欧拉余流和北槽中下段平面水流特征,以综合分析北槽水域水动力变化对九段沙下段地形冲淤变化的影响.     

长江南通河段卫星遥感水深探测试验

在水深遥感机理分析的基础上,应用多光谱遥感技术,开展长江南通河段水深遥感探测试验,建立该河段水深遥感模型,对河床水下地形进行反演.试验表明,应用陆地卫星TM数据对含沙量较高的长江河口段浅部水深进行探测有一定的效果,可对常规水深测量起到辅助作用.     

长江中下游河湖洪水演进的数值模拟

以长江中下游(宜昌-大通)防洪系统为对象,在水文、河道及湖盆地形现状条件下,建立了一个能适应各种复杂条件的一二维非恒定流模型,来进行长江干流、河网、湖泊、分蓄洪区垸及水库的洪水演进和调度仿真.所建模型的洞庭湖部分采用无结构网格二维非恒定有限体积格式,以适应湖区复杂的边界形状和保持水量平衡.河网区部分采用一维非恒定流显隐结合的分块三级算法,以准确实现河网汊点流量的自动分配和往复流动.为了提高模拟精度和扩展模拟功能,在水流数值模拟的范围内侧重讨论了内外动边界处理、分蓄洪运用及阻力项计算等环节,提出了合理可行的数值处理方法.采用20世纪80年代至90年代共6年汛期洪水资料对所建模型进行了严格的率定和检验,高精度的模拟结果证实了模型的合理性和有效性.     

塔里木河水质盐化及改善途径

塔里木河在1958年前是一条淡水河,河水的矿化度在各段及不同季节均未超过1.0g/L,现全河段各月平均矿化度除8月洪水季节<1.0g/L,其余各月都在1.0g/L以上。上游阿拉尔水文站平均每年有5个月为1～3g/L,4个月为3～5g/L,2个月超过5g/L,最高5月份达到6.3g/L.阿拉尔的淡水所占比例不足年平均径流量的35%.下游卡拉全部为微咸水。造成塔里木河水矿化度升高的原因,除气候干旱、蒸发强烈、土壤含盐量高等自然因素外,主要是灌溉、排水不合理,上游三条主要支流灌溉引水增加,使补给干流的淡水资源量由1960年前的50.0亿m3减少到1990年后的42.0亿m3;与此同时大量农田排水泄入塔里木河,每年带入盐量达467.4万t.要改善塔里木河水质,必须减少农田排水泄入,实行咸、淡分流,退耕还林;并在源流区适度开发地下水,使三源流向塔里木河输水量每年不少于46.0亿m3。     

黄河下游断面资料数据库及冲淤分布初步分析——

利用所建立的断面资料数据库及分析系统软件,采用体积法对黄河下游冲淤数量进行了计算,并利用与本系统软件直接接口的通用软件,研究了黄河下游冲淤量的时空分布特点。计算分析表明,近半个世纪黄河下游河道淤积量达64.4亿m3。进入下游的水沙条件既受自然气候条件变化的影响又受水库运用所制约。不同时期河道冲淤量及其分布的差异是黄河下游冲积性河道对不同水沙条件所作出的反应。