发射电流波形对瞬变电磁响应的影响

本文研究了不同发射电流波形对瞬变电磁(TEM)响应的影响,利用自由空间中回线作为目标体,推导出方波、梯形波、半正弦波、三角波激励的响应.研究表明:对于低电导率目标体,同种波形激励的响应在有发射电流期间(on-time)与无发射电流期间(off-time)的幅度相近,四种波形中方波激励响应最强.由于off-time采集可以获得更高的信噪比,因而探测低电导率目标体时一般采用方波激励,采集off-time信号.对于高电导率目标体,off-time响应幅度随电导率增加而迅速下降,而半正弦与三角波激励的on-time响应幅度基本不随电导率变化,因而航空TEM可以采用半正弦与三角波进行on-time采集,并通过适当地提高激励电流的基频,以提高信噪比与空间分辨率.     

Automatic selection of weights for GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis: site selection of transmission towers as a case study

Transmission line (TL) siting consists of finding suitable land to build transmission towers. This is just one of the numerous complex geographical problems often solved using GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), which is a set of techniques that weight several geographical features to identify suitable locations. This technique is mostly employed using expert knowledge to identify the correct set of weights; thus adding a certain amount of subjectivity to the analysis, meaning that for the same problem if we change the experts involved, we may reach different results.This research is a first attempt to try and solve this issue. We employed a statistical analysis to quantitatively calculate these weights and we tested our method on a case study about transmission line siting in Switzerland. We compared the distances between each sample in our dataset, in this case study these are location of transmission towers, with each geographical feature, e.g. distance from water features. Then we calculate the same distances but for random points, sampled throughout the study area. The reasoning behind this method is that if samples present a distance from a geographic feature statistically different from the random, it means that the feature played an important role in dictating the location of the sample. In this case for instance, high-voltage transmission towers are purposely built as far away as possible from urban areas. Random points are on the contrary by definition sampled without any constraint. Therefore, when comparing the two datasets, we should find that transmission towers have a larger average distance from urban areas than random points. This allows us to determine that this criterion (i.e. distance from urban centers) is important for planning new TL.The results indicate that this method can successfully weight and rank the most important criteria to be considered for an MCDA analysis, in line with weights proposed in the literature. The advantage of the proposed technique is that it completely excludes human factors, thus potentially increasing the social acceptance of the MCDA results.     

剩余视纵向电导比定义——TEM新导出参数ΔSτrt及一维直接反演特性

视纵向电导是瞬变电磁法勘探理论的基本参数之一,在以中心回线装置应用为主的金属物探界很少应用。为改变此状况,创立了剩余视纵向电导比ΔSτrt定义及其具体计算方法。ΔSτrt是TEM方法中第一个相对参量,大量的模型计算和野外数据试算表明,其效果与视电阻率一维直接反演相当。此计算方法简单且是单解。本参量主要适用于中心回线和重叠回线的中、近带数据处理,略加修改亦适用于其他装置,乃至电偶源装置及磁参数的处理。     

破裂岩石的电子发射与压缩原子模型

本文根据压缩原子模型提出岩石在高压及破裂过程中产生自由电子的一种可能机制。根据这种机制可在半定量水平上较为满意地解释岩石破裂中的电子发射、光辐射和岩石的爆炸式破裂。     

中心回线瞬变电磁测深法快速电阻率成像方法及应用

利用导电全空间与均匀半空间中心回线源和磁偶极子在阶跃电流激发下磁场公式和扩散速度的定义,导出了不同条件下瞬变场的扩散速度公式。在此基础之上,引入瞬变电磁测深全区视电阻率定义数值计算方法,给出了电阻率成像的一阶与二阶近似公式,从而建立了一套中心回线瞬变电磁测深快速电阻率成像方法。模型检验结果、实测剖面电阻率成像以及对大地电磁测深视电阻率曲线进行静偏移校正效果均良好,说明该方法是可行的、有效的。      

100—200km热层大气光电离率及电子密度剖面对太阳活动的响应

本文利用新的太阳EUV辐射资料、中性大气结构模式及大气成分的吸收及电离特性,计算了100—200km大气的光电离率随高度、太阳天顶角及太阳活动的变化,求得了E-F1谷的变化特征;利用完整的光化模式求得了电子密度随太阳天顶角的变化及对太阳活动的响应,并与IRI模式作了比较.结果表明,1.太阳活动指数与光电离率间的相关关系一般为正,但在一定的高度范围内,或在天顶角大于临界值Xcr=60°时,两者之间可出现负相关;2.太阳活动明显地影响E-F1谷高与谷厚,当天顶角不变时,谷高与谷厚均与太阳活动成正相关;3.本模式与IRI间的偏差因子明显随高度及太阳天顶角而变化.     

利用扫描电镜-电子探针研究四川杨柳坪镍铜硫化物矿床铂钯的赋存状态及沉淀机制

本文利用电子探针和配备能谱分析功能的扫描电镜对四川杨柳坪镍-铜硫化物矿床中铂钯的赋存状态进行了研究。结果表明,铂以独立矿物相砷铂矿和自然铂存在;钯以碲化物、碲铋化物、碲锑化物、锑化物及自然钯独立矿物相存在,也以类质同象形式分布在碲镍矿中(钯含量约10%),另外还以锑铋钯碲矿、六方锑碲钯矿、碲钯矿独立矿物相存,并以类质同象形式分布在Vavrinite(钯含量5%)和砷铂矿(钯含量1%~5%)中。杨柳坪矿床中铂钯元素沉淀与贱金属矿物(BMS)及晚期热液蚀变矿物蛇纹石、方解石密切相关,其沉淀经历了3个阶段:1早期高温阶段(1200~900℃),铂钯元素沉淀并包裹在BMS中;2中期中高温阶段(650~250℃),分离结晶作用使铂钯元素沉淀并分布BMS矿物的边部,同时该阶段热液来源的铂钯元素沉淀于BMS粒间;3晚期热液蚀变阶段(500~300℃),热液蚀变作用引起铂钯元素沉淀在蚀变矿物中或嵌布在BMS裂隙。本文研究成果为认识该矿床及同类型镍-铜硫化物矿床的铂钯成矿过程提供了新的依据。     

Characteristics and genesis of maghemite in Chinese loess and paleosols: Mechanism for magnetic susceptibility enhancement in paleosols

Morphological characteristics and microstructures of magnetic minerals extracted from Chinese loess and paleosols were investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Our results indicate that maghemite in loess–paleosol sequences was transformed from magnetite through oxidation of magnetite. Maghemite transformed from eolian magnetite during chemical weathering has low-angle grain boundaries among maghemite nano-crystals. Some nano-crystalline maghemites with nanoporous texture resulted from microbe-induced precipitation of magnetite or transformation of poorly crystalline ferric Fe (oxy)hydroxides in presence of Fe-reducing bacteria. Aggregates of euhedral maghemite nano-crystals were transformed from magnetite magnetosomes. Both microbe-induced nanoporous magnetite and microbe-produced magnetite magnetosomes are directly related to microbial activities and pedogenesis of the paleosols. It is proposed that the formation of nano-crystalline maghemite with superparamagnetic property in paleosol results in the enhancement of magnetic susceptibility, although the total amount (weight percent) of magnetic minerals in both paleosol and loess units is similar. Our results also show that nano-crystalline and nanoporous magnetite grains prefer to transform into maghemite in semi-arid soil environments instead of hematite, although hematite is a thermodynamically stable phase. This result also indicates that a decrease in crystal size will increase stability of maghemite. It is also inferred that surface energy of maghemite is lower than that of hematite.     

日侧极光弧的发光强度与沉降电子能谱的相关关系

本文利用中国北极黄河站多波段全天空极光观测数据,选取稳定的日侧极光弧,统计研究了极光强度比I_557.7/I_630.0与极光发光强度I_557.7的相关关系.发现I_557.7在午前暖点和午后热点区附近出现极大值,分别为2.2 kR和2.9 kR;而I_630.0在磁正午出现极大值,为1.5 kR.当I_557.7从0.1 kR增加到10 kR时,极光强度比I_557.7/I_630.0也由0.2增加到9.结合DMSP卫星探测的沉降粒子能谱数据,找到17个DMSP卫星穿越黄河站上空极光弧的事件,共穿越40条极光弧.得到了沉降电子的平均能量正比于极光强度比I_557.7/I_630.0,沉降电子的总能通量正相关于极光强度I_557.7的关系式.利用该关系式反演所有极光弧的电子能谱,发现在午前和午后扇区,产生极光弧的沉降电子主要来源于等离子体片边界层;在高纬出现强度较弱的弧,对应等离子体幔区域.在磁正午附近,沉降电子的平均能量较低,极光弧处于低纬一侧,粒子源区主要是低纬边界层.

     

同心补偿式直升机时间域航空电磁法吊舱校准装置研究

直升机时间域航空电磁法(Helicopter-borne time-domain electromagnetic method,HTEM)的多次空中仪器校准可消除飞行过程中仪器系统受外界环境的时变影响.吊舱校准装置可解决地面环线方式无法实现的空中飞行过程中仪器校准问题.本文从研究同心补偿吊舱装置模型出发,提出了吊舱装置空间模型和线圈电路模型,分析了发射磁场的空间分布、补偿环作用及其与接收线圈的关系、校准装置的空间信息和信号的检测方法,得到结论如下:(1)以损失发射面积0.89%的补偿环可提高信号44.5 dB的动态范围;(2)校准装置水平安置在补偿环与发射线圈之间,其匝数越多、半径越大、离补偿环越近,信号响应越强;(3)校准线圈电感越大、电阻越小,其e指数衰减越慢;信号检测起点由含匹配电阻接收线圈的阻尼特性决定.通过校准线圈的曲线特性和装置位移实验,得出反映装置特性的时间常数实测误差小于1.3%,验证了线圈电路模型和装置空间模型.本文提出的模型和方法同样适用于偏心补偿式HTEM系统校准的研究和高阻地层上已知环线的静态检测.