重金属污染物在黏土固化注浆帷幕中的运移规律

基于渗透和弥散作用,探讨了黏土固化注浆帷幕对污染物的阻滞机制,通过土柱试验,分析了注浆帷幕对重金属污染物的渗透性能和弥散性能,采用污染物运移过程数值模拟的一维对流-弥散计算模型,研究了重金属污染物在注浆帷幕中的运移规律。试验表明,不同的污染物质在黏土固化注浆帷幕中的渗透性能和弥散性能不同,镉的迁移速度大于铅。数值计算表明,注浆帷幕的厚度及其渗透性、弥散性和水力梯度等重要控制参数对重金属污染物在帷幕中的运移过程具有显著影响。     

Vertical profile,sources, and equivalent toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment cores from the river mouths of Kaohsiung Harbor,Taiwan

Six sediment cores collected at four contaminated river mouths and two harbor entrances in Kaohsiung Harbor (Taiwan) were analyzed to evaluate the sources and potential toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs presented the wide variations ranging from 369 ± 656 to 33,772 ± 14,378 ng g⁻¹ at the six sampling sites. The composition of PAHs presented a uniform profile reflecting the importance of atmospheric input from vehicle exhausts or coal combustion in the river mouths. PAHs diagnostic ratios indicated a stronger influence of coal combustion in the Salt River mouth and the prevalence of petroleum combustion and mixed sources in the other rivers and harbor entrances. PAHs toxicity assessment using the mean effect range-median quotient (m-ERM-q: 0.011–1.804), benzo[a]pyrene-toxicity equivalent (TEQ^carc: 22–2819 ng TEQ g⁻¹), and dioxin-toxicity equivalent (TEQ^fish: 37–5129 pg TEQ g⁻¹) identified the Salt River mouth near the industrial area of the harbor as the most affected area.     

Flume‐ and field‐based evaluation of a time‐integrated suspended sediment sampler for the analysis of sediment properties

Suspended sediment has been identified as a vector for nutrient and contaminant transport in the fluvial environment. A time‐integrated sampler (the Phillips sampler), which emerged over a decade ago as a cost‐effective tool for in situ suspended sediment collection, is increasingly being used to collect samples for the analysis of sediment properties such as particle size composition, and nutrient and contaminant concentrations. This study evaluates the sampler under both flume and field conditions for efficiency in the mass and grain size of the suspended sediment collected. The sampler was tested in a flume using both kaolinite and sediment samples (sieved to < 180 µm) collected from the Quesnel River, British Columbia, Canada. In the kaolinite trails, the sampler preferentially collected coarser grain sizes compared to the original sediment, probably due to finer sediment remaining in suspension and therefore passing through the sampler, and also possibly due to flocculation of the kaolinite upon introduction to the flume. Conversely, the sampler collected river sediment that was finer than the original sediment, probably due to some settling of coarser sediment observed at the bottom of the flume. Once allowance was made for these operational issues associated with the flume, maximum sediment mass efficiency for kaolinite and river sediment was 43% and 87%, respectively. Sediment collected by the time‐integrated sampler during field deployment and adjacent channel bed sediment were also compared. The sampler collected sediment with a representative grain size distribution. However, there were differences in the geochemical (arsenic and selenium) concentrations of channel bed sediment and sediment collected by the Phillips sampler which may be a function of differences in the behavior of geochemical elements associated with the two types of sediment. This work suggests that further research is needed to evaluate the role of the Phillips sampler in collecting sediment for contaminant and nutrient analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

胶州湾有毒藻华形成种里氏金色藻(Chrysochromulina leadbeateri)的分类学研究

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜对从青岛胶州湾海水样品中分离的一种微型鞭毛藻进行了超微结构和分类学研究。结果表明,该藻为里氏金色藻(Chrysochromulina leadbeateri Estep,Davis,Hargraveset Sieburth)。其特征为:细胞呈球形,直径4—6μm,两条鞭毛略不等长,分别为8—10μm和12—16μm。一条定鞭能够卷曲,完全伸展后约20—30μm。细胞外被两层不同类型的圆形鳞片,都具十字形中央。外层鳞片表面有放射状细纹,内层鳞片在周边环上有25—30个穿孔。细胞一般有两个色素体,每个色素体内有一个包埋的蛋白核。里氏金色藻曾在挪威沿岸形成大规模有毒藻华,并引起养殖鱼类大量死亡。该种为我国的新记录种。     

矿物环境属性与无机界天然自净化功能

本将矿物学研究从岩石圈拓展到水圈、大气圈、生物圈与土壤圈之间交互作用的矿物环境属性范畴，研究表明，矿物可成为记录环境演变信息的载体；防止矿物的破坏与分解有可能减少甚至避免由此所造成的对人体健康的影响与生态环境的破坏；矿物与生物交互作用的研究与天然矿物治理污染物的是建立在充分利用自然规律的基础之上，体现了天然自净化作用的特色。天然矿物对污染物的净化功能主要体现在环境矿物材料基本性能方面。天然铁的硫化物，铁的氧化物，锰的氧化物、钛的氧化物。蛭石，有机蒙脱石和含高价阳离子蒙脱石，以及黄钾铁矾等均在处理无机与有机污染物方面展现出良好效果，矿物与其环境界面原子尺度相互作用过程研究，矿物内部结构缺陷影响矿物表面活性规律研究，矿物晶体结构中不同维次连通性孔道效应研究,矿物化学活性作发化污染物方法研究，以及矿物晶芽与生物细胞层次上交互作用净化污染物机理研究等，将是近期着力开发无机界矿物天然自净化功能的重点研究内容。     

无机界矿物天然自净化功能之矿物光催化作用

在简述半导体光催化理论及TiO2多相光催化作用近30年研究现状的基础上，重点对国内外一直处于空白状态的天然含钒金红石光催化性能进行研究。天然含钒金红石中部分Ti^4 被V^5 包括Fe^3 、Cu^2 和Zn^2 等杂质离子替代可引起其晶格畸变与缺陷。机械粉碎到70～80μm后可使其晶胞膨胀0.33％，原位加热700～1100℃其晶胞可膨胀0．93％～2．13％，淬火改性其晶胞收缩0．01％～0．07％。受热改性其体相中V^5 向表面偏析。对晶格畸变的修复可表现为晶面重构和再结晶作用及微应力释放作用。粉碎的金红石对卤代烃三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯具有一定的降解效果而表现出良好的光催化活性。加热1000℃，金红石对卤代烃的降解率明显提高。淬火1000℃和1100℃，金红石对卤代烃的降解速度大大加快。而电子辐射金红石对三氯乙烯的降解率则明显降低。通过52种金属氧化物和金属硫化物半导体矿物的初步研究，发现大多数金属氧化物矿物产生光电子的波长范围是249～777nm，吸收光主要是可见光。而大多数金属硫化物矿物产生光电子的最大波长大于921nm，吸收光主要是红外光，充分表明无机界具有光催化功能的半导体在可见光条件下就可以产生光电子与空穴。系统开展无机界矿物光催化作用研究，对揭示地球生命过程和环境演化有着不可替代的作用，对氧化降解地球表层系统中有机污染物尤其是不能自行降解的持久性有机污染物有着至关重要的作用。     

天然铁锰氧化物及氢氧化物环境矿物学研究

带有表面电荷及含有变价元素的天然铁锰氧化物及氢氧化物具有良好的表面吸附与氧化还原等化学活性。在不同介质条件下 ,它们能不同程度地表现出对Cr6+,Pb2 +,Hg2 +,Cd2 +,As3 +,Cu2 +,Zn2 +,Co2 +,Ni2 +等重金属离子有吸附作用和对NO-3 ,PO3 -4 ,F-,S2 -等阴离子有吸附作用与氧化作用 ,并对苯酚、乙烷、乙烯、合成有机酸等有机物具有吸附和转化降解作用 ,还对CO2 ,NOx 和SO2 等具有分解转化作用。利用这些矿物的环境属性治理水体、土壤及大气污染的方法 ,具有成本低、效果好、无二次污染及有用金属可回收利用等优点 ,展现出广阔的环境矿物学研究与应用前景。     

Emerging organic contaminants in coastal waters: Anthropogenic impact,environmental release and ecological risk

This study provides a first estimate of the sources, distribution, and risk presented by emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) in coastal waters off southwestern Taiwan. Ten illicit drugs, seven nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), five antibiotics, two blood lipid regulators, two antiepileptic drugs, two UV filters, caffeine, atenolol, and omeprazole were analyzed by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (SPE–LC–MS/MS). Thirteen EOCs were detected in coastal waters, including four NSAIDs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and codeine), three antibiotics (ampicillin, erythromycin, and cefalexin), three illicit drugs (ketamine, pseudoephedrine, and MDMA), caffeine, carbamazepine, and gemfibrozil. The median concentrations for the 13 EOCs ranged from 1.47 ng/L to 156 ng/L. Spatial variation in concentration of the 13 EOCs suggests discharge into coastal waters via ocean outfall pipes and rivers. Codeine and ampicillin have significant pollution risk quotients (RQ > 1), indicating potentially high risk to aquatic organisms in coastal waters.     

Multidecadal biological monitoring and abatement program\ assessing human impacts on aquatic ecosystems within the Oak Ridge Reservation in eastern Tennessee,USA

Human activities can be powerful drivers of ecosystem change within catchments. While most long-term catchment studies have been conducted at pristine sites, such studies are less common from sites more impacted by human activity. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) was developed in the mid-1980s to (1) assess compliance with environmental regulations, (2) identify causes of adverse ecological impacts, (3) provide data for human and ecological risk assessments, and (4) evaluate the effectiveness of remedial actions taken to mitigate the impacts of contaminants in soils, groundwater, and surface water by documenting ecological recovery on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), a federally owned 33 476-acre site in eastern Tennessee, managed by the US Department of Energy. The ORR is composed of multiple watersheds containing many small to mid-size streams. BMAP uses an integrated approach for determining stream health; its databases include long-term seasonal records of contaminant concentrations in water and biota, data from aquatic toxicity testing, and surveys of macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages from impacted and reference streams. These long-term data provide valuable records of degradation and recovery in catchment ecosystems. Our objective here is to describe our study system and data series in order to increase awareness of the availability of these long-term data to the catchment science community.