九龙江河口湾高浓度悬沙水体的分布与扩散特征

通过对九龙江河口湾洪水期和枯水期含沙量等值线的分析,描述了河口湾内悬浮泥沙的时空分布特征及其在涨潮和落潮期间的变化情况,并对洪水期大潮湾内水质点的滞流点位置作了计算.结果表明,水流运动和水体含沙量沿入海方向均呈现有规律的变化,河口湾内存在两个主要水流滞流区,一处位于海门岛北部,一处位于鸡屿东侧.悬浮泥沙的分布和水流运动间呈现明显的相关性.     

Sub-Lethal Effects of Elevated Concentration of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on Planktonic Copepods and Sea Urchins

Data concerning the effects of high CO₂ concentrations on marine organisms are essential for both predicting future impacts of the increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentration and assessing the effects of deep-sea CO₂sequestration. Here we review our recent studies evaluating the effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations in seawater on the mortality and egg production of the marine planktonic copepod, Acartia steueri, and on the fertilization rate and larval morphology of sea urchin embryos, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Echinometra mathaei. Under conditions of +10,000 ppm CO₂ in seawater (pH 6.8), the egg production rates of copepods decreased significantly. The survival rates of adult copepods were not affected when reared under increased CO₂ for 8 days, however longer exposure times could have revealed toxic effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations. The fertilization rate of sea urchin eggs of both species decreased with increasing CO₂ concentration. Furthermore, the size of pluteus larvae decreased with increasing CO₂ concentration and malformed skeletogenesis was observed in both larvae. This suggests that calcification is affected by elevated CO₂ in the seawater. From these results, we conclude that increased CO₂ concentration in seawater will chronically affect several marine organisms and we discuss the effects of increased CO₂ on the marine carbon cycle and marine ecosystem. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

长江口徐六泾洪季水沙特性观测研究

2001年7月，在长江口徐六泾对流速、流向和悬浮泥沙浓度进行了大小潮定点观测。观测数据分析表明徐六泾处大潮流速及其变化远大于小潮流速。大潮悬沙浓度大于小潮悬沙浓度。由于径流的影响，落潮期间垂向速度梯度比涨潮期间大，落潮垂向切变增强，使落潮期间悬沙浓度的变化幅度大于涨潮期间的泥沙变化幅度，同时存在泥沙浓度峰值滞后于流速峰值的现象。     

5种海水鱼同工酶表达的组织特性及其电泳的初步分析

于１９９４年７－１２月，山东，福建省沿海采集真鲷、黑鲷、牙鲆、鲈和小黄鱼等５种黄６９２个生化样品，应用水平淀粉胶和垂直聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法，对５种鱼的肌肉，眼睛、心脏、鳍，鳃、肾脏共７种组织的２３种同工酶进行了初步分析。     

Forskolin处理真鲷胚胎条件的研究

研究Forskolin处理真鲷胚胎的条件。对加药时期以及Forskolin浓度进行了优化，得到了处理真鲷胚胎的加药时期为受精后6h，Forskolin的浓度为0．01nmol／L和0．02mol／L，在此条件下处理过的胚胎体节由正常的V型变成U型。该研究结果将有利于研究Hh信号对真鲷成肌因子的影响。     

Geographical Variations in Prosome Length and Body Weight of Neocalanus Copepods in the North Pacific

Geographical variations in prosome length and body weight of Neocalanus copepods (N. cristatus, N. plumchrus and N. flemingeri) were investigated on samples from North-South and East-West transects in the North Pacific during spring to early summer in 1998 and 1999. Southward and eastward increasing patterns were pronounced for water temperature, although no significant pattern was observed for chlorophyll a concentrations. All Neocalanus species showed large geographical variations in prosome length and body weight, being smaller in the southern and eastern waters. Comparing the relationship between prosome length and body weight, large deviations (lower body weight at a given prosome length) were evident for the eastern specimens of N. cristatus and N. plumchrus. In stepwise regression analysis, the geographical variations of prosome length and body weight revealed a significantly negative correlation with temperature variations. These results suggest that temperature is a more important environmental factor than chlorophyll a concentration in its effect on geographical variations in prosome length and body weight of Neocalanus copepods in the North Pacific. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Developing a semi-analytical algorithm to estimate particulate organic carbon (POC) levels in inland eutrophic turbid water based on MERIS images: A case study of Lake Taihu

Particulate organic carbon (POC) plays an important role in the carbon cycle in water due to its biological pump process. In the open ocean, algorithms can accurately estimate the surface POC concentration. However, no suitable POC-estimation algorithm based on MERIS bands is available for inland turbid eutrophic water. A total of 228 field samples were collected from Lake Taihu in different seasons between 2013 and 2015. At each site, the optical parameters and water quality were analyzed. Using in situ data, it was found that POC-estimation algorithms developed for the open ocean and coastal waters using remote sensing reflectance were not suitable for inland turbid eutrophic water. The organic suspended matter (OSM) concentration was found to be the best indicator of the POC concentration, and POC has an exponential relationship with the OSM concentration. Through an analysis of the POC concentration and optical parameters, it was found that the absorption peak of total suspended matter (TSM) at 665 nm was the optimum parameter to estimate POC. As a result, MERIS band 7, MERIS band 10 and MERIS band 12 were used to derive the absorption coefficient of TSM at 665 nm, and then, a semi-analytical algorithm was used to estimate the POC concentration for inland turbid eutrophic water. An accuracy assessment showed that the developed semi-analytical algorithm could be successfully applied with a MAPE of 31.82% and RMSE of 2.68 mg/L. The developed algorithm was successfully applied to a MERIS image, and two full-resolution MERIS images, acquired on August 13, 2010, and December 7, 2010, were used to map the POC spatial distribution in Lake Taihu in summer and winter.     

杭州城区土地利用类型对PM2.5浓度影响分析

针对PM2.5质量浓度空间分布的季节性差异与土地利用分布的定量关系问题,该文以浙江省杭州市为实验区,收集PM2.5质量浓度实测数据和MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)遥感数据,并对AOT进行标高订正和水汽校正,建立了PM2.5质量浓度和AOT的回归模型,通过模型得出了杭州市各季节的PM2.5质量浓度空间分布图;在此基础上,进一步分析了杭州市PM2.5浓度与土地利用类型(扬尘地表与非扬尘地表)之间的空间分布相关性。结果表明,杭州市2015年PM2.5质量浓度分布的季节性变化特征是冬季春季秋季夏季;建设用地和交通用地等扬尘地表对PM2.5的浓度贡献较大,特别是在冬季和春季两个季节。该研究结果对于认识空气中PM2.5的来源与时空分布特征具有一定的理论和实践意义。     

Sensitivity of open-water ice growth and ice concentration evolution in a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model

A coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice model is applied to investigate to what degree the area-thickness distribution of new ice formed in open water affects the ice and ocean properties. Two sensitivity experiments are performed which modify the horizontal-to-vertical aspect ratio of open-water ice growth. The resulting changes in the Arctic sea-ice concentration strongly affect the surface albedo, the ocean heat release to the atmosphere, and the sea-ice production. The changes are further amplified through a positive feedback mechanism among the Arctic sea ice, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and the surface air temperature in the Arctic, as the Fram Strait sea ice import influences the freshwater budget in the North Atlantic Ocean. Anomalies in sea-ice transport lead to changes in sea surface properties of the North Atlantic and the strength of AMOC. For the Southern Ocean, the most pronounced change is a warming along the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), owing to the interhemispheric bipolar seasaw linked to AMOC weakening. Another insight of this study lies on the improvement of our climate model. The ocean component FESOM is a newly developed ocean-sea ice model with an unstructured mesh and multi-resolution. We find that the subpolar sea-ice boundary in the Northern Hemisphere can be improved by tuning the process of open-water ice growth, which strongly influences the sea ice concentration in the marginal ice zone, the North Atlantic circulation, salinity and Arctic sea ice volume. Since the distribution of new ice on open water relies on many uncertain parameters and the knowledge of the detailed processes is currently too crude, it is a challenge to implement the processes realistically into models. Based on our sensitivity experiments, we conclude a pronounced uncertainty related to open-water sea ice growth which could significantly affect the climate system sensitivity.     

中国500强的行业结构及其区域差异

中国500强是中国优秀企业的集中体现,决定了中国未来产业乃至经济的发展方向。基于2009~2014年“中国500强”数据,从企业数量和营业收入角度分别对中国500强的行业结构和区域分布概况进行统计分析,继而探讨中国各省市的行业结构及其空间格局特征。结果表明：① 2009~2014年,制造业的上榜企业数量与营业收入占比均保持下降趋势,但制造业在13类行业中仍占主导,是当前中国国民经济中不可或缺的支柱行业;金融业、建筑业、批发和零售业以及房地产业发展势头强劲,是主导产业的重要组成部分;② 中国500强的地理集中度不断提升,东部地区特别是北京、上海、广东3省市以及香港地区是中国500强企业及其营业收入的主要集聚区域;③ 中国各省市行业结构的空间格局特征表现为：行业结构多元化、简单化与单一化并存,呈阶梯状分布;制造业占主导,但各省市制造业所占份额差距大;服务业趋于向东部省市集中;产业结构效益的区域差异显著。