An introduction to the South China Sea throughflow: Its dynamics, variability, and application for climate

The South China Sea throughflow (SCSTF) involves the inflow through the Luzon strait and the outflow through the Karimata, Mindoro, and Taiwan straits. Recent studies have suggested that the SCSTF act as a heat and freshwater conveyor, playing a potentially important role in regulating the sea surface temperature pattern in the South China Sea and its adjoining tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. In this introductory paper, we attempt to convey the progress that has recently been made in understanding the SCSTF. We first provide an overview of existing observations, theories, and simulations of the SCSTF. Then, we discuss its interaction with the Pacific western boundary current and Indonesian throughflow. Finally, we summarize issues and questions that remain to be addressed, with special reference to the SCSTF's dynamics, variability, and implication for climate.     

完全能量转换模式下的反激变换器的性能分析

提出了一种具有零电流关断（ZCS）的反激式单级功率因数校正（PFC）变换器。这种变换器工作在完全能量转换方式（DCM）下，综合了电流谐振技术与PFC技术。分析了这种变换器的工作原理，并在输出30W条件下进行了实验验证。     

闪电定位资料分析

对江苏省电力部门和安徽省气象部门的闪电定位资料分析结果表明,两个部门资料中闪电在时间变化和空间分布特征上都比较一致。在分析安徽省气象部门闪电资料时发现,无论是正闪还是负闪,电流峰值都主要集中在0-60kA。     

十脉冲下限压型SPD级间串联退耦电感前后能级匹配研究

退耦电感是限压型浪涌保护器(SPD)级联配合核心元件,对于限压型SPD能级匹配具有重要影响.针对退耦电感与限压型SPD能级匹配问题,基于行波传输理论建立多级限压型SPD能量匹配模型,并结合更接近自然雷击的10个8/20 μs多脉冲试验进行研究,试验结果可知:恒定波阻抗下,增大SPD线路间退耦电感值,可有效减缓雷电瞬态过...     

祁连山夏季西南气流背景下地形云形成和演化的观测研究

利用2007年祁连山地形云的观测试验资料,分析了祁连山夏季西南气流背景下地形云的演化过程,得到了祁连山地形云发展和演变的概念模型。(1)祁连山地形云的水汽主要分布在3500～6500m的范围内,对流层中层的西南气流将水汽由南向北输送到祁连山区。(2)祁连山区水汽比较丰沛,凝结高度和自由对流高度均较低,当湿气团抬升到凝结高度以上时对流有效位能很容易释放,形成有利于产生降水的云系。(3)祁连山每个山峰南北侧昼间的谷风会在山峰辐合抬升,众多山峰形成的祁连山群谷风的抬升作用下容易形成沿山脊排列的中β对流云带,在高空西南气流的推动下移到北侧,是造成北侧降水比南侧大的原因之一。     

Analysis of the Spectral Characteristics of Triggered Lightning

The spectra with wavelength range of 390 nm to 660 nm of triggered lightning were observed in Guangdong Area using a slitless spectrograph. The characteristics of the lightning spectra during the initial continuous current and return strokes were analyzed, and the differences between the metal section and air section of the lightning channel were compared. The results showed that the metal spectra were contained in the metal section during the initial continuous current. As for the lightning channel of the return strokes, the line spectra for both the metal section and the air section were identical; neither of the two sections contained the metal spectra, but the relative intensity of its emission spectrum was different. Owing to different radiation mechanisms, the spectral structures and luminance of the two sections were not the same. Combined with the current data, it was found that there was a good positive correlation between the total spectral strength and the transferred charge. The total intensity of the lightning channel spectrum increased with the height of the channel, indicating that the radiation sequence of the lightning channel was different. High temporal resolution observations showed that the spectral line duration could be divided into three categories, in which the lines with higher excitation energy appear first and decay rapidly, while those with lower excitation energy appear later but last longer.     

Characteristics and simulation of lightning current waveforms during one artificially triggered lightning

In the summer of 2005, one negative lightning flash was artificially triggered in Shandong Province (117°48′ E, 37°42′N), middle latitude region of eastern China. The flash included 10 return strokes, and the geometric mean value of the current peak was 11.9 kA (the average value was 12.6 kA) with a maximum of 21.0 kA and a minimum of 6.6 kA, similar to the subsequent return strokes in natural lightning. The geometric mean value of half peak width was 39 μs (the average value was 40 μs), which was much larger than the usual result. Based on the Diendorfer and Uman (DU) model, the return-stroke current waveforms and charge distribution along the lightning channel are discussed. The simulated current waveforms, being divided into breakdown and corona current components, are in agreement with the optical measurements when the two different discharge time constants are properly chosen.     

陆面过程研究的进展

文中首先阐述陆面过程研究的必要性和复杂性。然后，对陆面过程研究的任务和内容作了较详细的说明，进而对陆面过程研究的进展现状和未来发展方向作了讨论。     

探讨农村雷电灾害的成因及防雷减灾对策

总结了农村雷电灾害事故发生的现状;分析阐述了农民防雷科学知识贫乏、观念淡薄,防雷设施滞后,防雷管理不到位及雷电预警信息发布不畅等因素是导致农村雷电灾害事故频发的根本原因;针对上述存在的问题,提出了做好农村防雷减灾工作的四点对策是加强防雷知识宣传,创新管理模式,加快雷电预警信息发布和强化责任落实,对加强农村防雷减灾工作具有很好的指导意义。     

近20年来三峡水库水动力特性及其水环境效应研究：回顾与展望

三峡水库自2003年蓄水以来,水库干支流水环境状况及水华已成为广泛关注的问题,国内外不少学者对此开展了大量研究。本文回顾了近20年来三峡水库水环境相关研究,系统总结了三峡水库干支流水动力特征及其生态环境影响,并展望了三峡水库水动力相关研究的新视角、新内容、新方法、新技术。结果表明:(1)三峡水库蓄水后干支流水流分化特征明显,干流水体从上游的河流型水体逐渐转变为坝前的过渡型水体,而支流库湾则更偏向于湖泊型水体特征;(2)干支流密度差(温度差)驱动的分层异重流,水库日调节调度驱动的高频水流振荡,气象驱动的近表层水体混合是三峡水库支流库湾普遍存在的水动力现象,主导着支流库湾的水温分层和混合过程;(3)三峡水库特殊的水动力现象对支流库湾水温分层结构、营养盐输移补给、水华生消过程、温室气体排放等产生深远影响,应用生态调度调控支流库湾水动力过程来改善其水环境问题已成为该区域生态环境修复的重要技术手段。如何将上述新发现上升为具有三峡水库特色的系统理论与方法,并形成大型深水水库生态环境研究技术体系,服务于大型梯级水库群联合多目标优化调度实践,仍是今后努力的方向。