中国绿色化学开发研究现状综述

绿色化学是当今国际化学科学研究的前沿课题。其目的是把现有化工生产技术路线从“先污染,后治理”改变为“从源头上根除污染”。我国在开发石油资源优化加工利用、有机电化学、洁净能源的开发利用、氢能、洁净煤开发等绿色化学的开发研究方面都取得了一些进展。开发出生产高辛烷值汽油的同时又能多产烯烃的型催化裂解技术,并在固体超强酸催化剂、多组元负载型氮化物的研究,煤炭地下气化工艺方法的研究及利用等方面达到了较高的水平。     

一个新的东亚副热带夏季风指数的定义

利用1958—2014年夏季NCEP/NCAR大气环流资料和中国486站降水观测资料,通过多种统计诊断方法,从与夏季中国东部3类不同雨型分布相联系的东亚高低层风场变化特征出发,依据与雨带变化密切联系的高层200 hPa纬向风定义了一个新的东亚副热带夏季风指数。分析表明,该指数不仅能反映夏季东亚大气环流的变化特征,兼顾北方冷空气活动和南方东亚夏季风环流变化,同时还能反映夏季中国东部降水南北差异的年际特征。强东亚副热带夏季风指数年,高层中纬度西风急流位置偏北,低层西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏北,有利于冷空气活动位置偏北和东亚东部西南暖湿气流向北推进,中国东部多以Ⅰ类雨型为主;弱东亚副热带夏季风指数年的环流变化刚好相反,中国东部多以Ⅲ类雨型为主。与现有东亚夏季风指数的对比分析表明,该指数在反映中国东部南北区域降水变化的差异方面有很大改进。     

黄土高原一次连续性强对流天气分析

利用常规观测资料、自动站资料、榆林市CINRAD/CB多普勒天气雷达观测资料和NCEP1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,对2014年6月29日、30傍晚发生在陕西榆林市黄土高原地带的一次强对流天气进行了综合分析。结果表明:甘肃东部到陕西的低槽是此次强对流天气直接影响系统,地面干线和辐合线触发此次对流天气;降雹区上空的垂直运动较强,对流有效位能较大,低层充沛的水汽通量输送明显,水汽通量散度汇合在陕西北部、适宜的0℃、-20℃层高度,为强对流天气的出现提供有利条件。三体散射长钉、超过8 km的50 d Bz强回波区、中等强度涡旋、逆风区都对冰雹天气预警有较好的指示意义。     

同化自动站资料建立三峡地区2014年1月高分辨率温度场的模拟研究

利用WRF （Weather Research Forecast）模式及其自带的Nudging同化系统,结合通过质量控制的三峡地区2 588个自动站的2014年1月观测资料,进行同化自动站观测试验,建立了三峡地区3 km高分辨率气温场,并与加入NCEP稀疏观测站点的稀疏场试验和未同化试验在月平均温度场和逐时温度变化两个方面进行了综合对比分析。结果表明：与未同化试验相比,同化自动站观测后,大部分地区平均气温场偏差减小至±0.5℃以内;平原、丘陵、山区气温逐时绝对偏差均减小至1℃以内,逐时气温的相关系数超过0.9,偏差范围减小1.14℃以上,均方根误差减幅达0.55℃以上;同化自动站观测后,泰勒图中平原和丘陵的相对标准差接近于1,山区减小至1.11。同化自动站观测试验的结果优于同化稀疏场试验,较好地建立了三峡地区2014年1月气温场,为该地区建立高分辨率温度场提供了有效参考。     

Immediately downstream effects of Three Gorges Dam on channel sandbars morphodynamics between Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River,China

Sandbars are of vital ecological and environmental significance, which however, have been intensively influenced by human activities. Morphodynamic processes of sandbars along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River, the channel immediately downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), are assessed based on remote sensing images between 2000 and 2016. It can be found that the entire area of sandbars reduces drastically by 19.23% from 149.04 km² in 2003 to 120.38 km² in 2016, accompanied with an increase in water surface width. Owing to differences in sediment grain size and anti-erosion capacity, sandbar area in the upstream sandy gravel reach (Yichang-Dabujie) and downstream sandy reach (Dabujie-Chenglingji) respectively decreases by 45.94% (from 20.79 km² to 11.24 km²) and 14.93% (from 128.30 km² to 109.14 km²). Furtherly, morphological evolutions of sandbars are affected by channel type: in straight-microbend channel, mid-channel sandbars exhibit downstream moving while maintaining the basic profile; in meandering channel, point sandbars show erosion and deposition in convex and concave bank respectively, with mid-channel sandbars distributing sporadically; in bending-branching channel, point sandbars experience erosion and move downstream while mid-channel sandbars show erosion in the head part along with retreating outline. We document that the primary mechanism of sandbars shrinkages along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach can be attributed to TGD induced suspended sediment concentration decreasing and increasing in unsaturation of sediment carrying capacity. Additionally, channel type can affect the morphological evolution of sandbars. Along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach, sandbars in straight-microbend channel are more affected by water flow than that in bending-branching channel.     

Simulation of future land-use scenarios in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region under the effects of multiple factors

Model simulation and scenario change analysis are the core contents of the future land-use change (LUC) study. In this paper, land use status data of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) in 1990 was used as base data. The relationship between driving factors and land-use change was analyzed by using binary logistic stepwise regression analysis, based on which land use in 2010 was simulated by CLUE-S model. After the inspection and determination of main parameters impacting on driving factors of land use in the TGRR, land use of this region in 2030 was simulated based on four scenarios, including natural growth, food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation. The results were shown as follows: (1) The areas under ROC curves of land-use types (LUTs) were both greater than 0.8 under the analysis and inspection of binary logistic model. These LUTs include paddy field, dryland, woodland, grassland, construction land and water area. Therefore, it has a strong interpretation ability of driving factors on land use, which can be used in the estimation of land use probability distribution. (2) The Kappa coefficients, verified from the result of land-use simulation in 2010, were shown of paddy field 0.9, dryland 0.95, woodland 0.97, grassland 0.84, construction land 0.85 and water area 0.77. So the results of simulation could meet the needs of future simulation and prediction. (3) The results of multi-scenario simulation showed a spatial competitive relationship between different LUTs, and an influence on food security, migration-related construction and ecological conservation in the TGRR, including some land use actions such as the large-scale conversion from paddy field to dryland, the occupation on cultivated land, woodland and grassland for rapid expansion of construction land, the reclamation of woodland and grassland into cultivated land, returning steep sloping farmland back into woodland and grassland. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the needs of various aspects in land use optimization, to achieve the coordination between socio-economy and ecological environment.     

The relationship between water level change and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam

In this study, data measured from 1955-2016 were analysed to study the relationship between the water level and river channel geometry adjustment in the downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) after the impoundment of the dam. The results highlight the following facts: (1) for the same flow, the low water level decreased, flood water level changed little, lowest water level increased, and highest water level decreased at the hydrological stations in the downstream of the dam; (2) the distribution of erosion and deposition along the river channel changed from “erosion at channels and deposition at bankfulls” to “erosion at both channels and bankfulls;” the ratio of low-water channel erosion to bankfull channel erosion was 95.5% from October 2002 to October 2015, with variations between different impoundment stages; (3) the low water level decrease slowed down during the channel erosion in the Upper Jingjiang reach and reaches upstream but sped up in the Lower Jingjiang reach and reaches downstream; measures should be taken to prevent the decrease in the channel water level; (4) erosion was the basis for channel dimension upscaling in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River; the low water level decrease was smaller than the thalweg decline; both channel water depth and width increased under the combined effects of channel and waterway regulations; and (5) the geometry of the channels above bankfulls did not significantly change; however, the comprehensive channel resistance increased under the combined effects of riverbed coarsening, beach vegetation, and human activities; as a result, the flood water level increased markedly and moderate flood to high water level phenomena occurred, which should be considered. The Three Gorges Reservoir effectively enhances the flood defense capacity of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; however, the superposition effect of tributary floods cannot be ruled out.     

钾肥生产中副产尾盐梯级利用试验研究

柴达木盆地是我国重要的钾肥基地,年产氯化钾超过700×10~4t,副产尾盐超过1 000×10~4t,尾盐的主要组分是氯化钠,并夹带少量的氯化钾。通过精制试验研究,进一步回收氯化钾,氯化钠则作为纯碱原料,实现了尾盐的梯级综合利用,对促进盐湖循环经济发展具有重要意义。试验表明,采用二段洗涤工艺,结合喷淋和搅拌两种洗涤方式处理钾肥生产浮选尾盐,浮选尾盐经二段洗涤所得产品中氯化钠含量达到92.54%,符合纯碱所需原盐指标要求;母液中的氯化钾富集到一定程度后,回收可作为钾肥生产原料。     

青河县三道海子石堆墓初探

本文在实地考察与分析历史资料的基础上,对青河县三道海子石堆墓做了详细考证,认为三道海子石堆墓是一座蒙古族的皇陵,是蒙古帝国第三代大汗──贵由汗的陵墓。     

等高活篱笆技术提高坡地持续生产力探讨*—以三峡库区为例

控制坡面水土流失和土地退化,是坡地资源持续利用的关键,也是解决三峡库区移民安置的主要途径之一。在三峡库区所进行的等高活篱笆技术试验表明,这种技术对增加土壤有机质含量、延缓径流及控制土壤流失具有十分明显的作用。篱笆植物新银合欢、马桑和黄荆都是著名的绿肥植物,每年从活篱笆上修剪下的枝叶可分别为篱间地的土壤提供24000kg/hm²、8400kg/hm²和31500kg/hm²的绿肥。营养元素含量较高的新银合欢,每公顷所产绿肥含纯氮素924kg,磷48kg,钾504kg.在坡面上沿等高线种植的篱笆带密闭以后,可以起到削减径流量,延缓产流过程,增加土壤入渗,并可拦截径流中大部分的土粒。由于篱笆带阻挡了各种因素造成的土壤沿坡面下移,篱间地的坡度不断降低。这些对坡地持续生产力的提高都具有积极的意义。