Propagation of electromagnetic waves from an induction source in media with time-dependent conductivity and permittivity

Electromagnetic wave propagation from an induction source (a transmitter coil) in media with time-dependent conductivity and permittivity is simulated using the vector finite-element method. A special algorithm is suggested for source approximation.     

基于电磁感应仪的表聚型土壤盐渍剖面特征解译研究

针对目前黄河三角洲地区存在的土壤盐渍化问题,以该地区分布最广泛的表聚型盐分剖面类型为研究对象,运用磁感大地电导率仪EM38,建立了磁感式表观电导率和土壤盐分之间的(多元)回归模型,在分析土壤盐分剖面分布特征的基础上提出了指数衰减模型,并运用该模型对盐分剖面进行了参数拟合和验证.结果表明:磁感式表观电导率EMh和EMv呈极显著的线性相关,土壤盐分在垂直方向上的变异主要表现在表层0～25cm的深度范围内.统计分析和Friedman检验结果表明,回归模型和指数衰减模型均具有较好的拟合结果和预测效果,二者的预测精度差异也不显著,表明本文提出的指数衰减模型不仅能降低待估参数的数量、提高土壤盐分剖面磁感式解译的实用性,同时还具有较高的预测精度.该研究结果为利用电磁感应仪快速、精确地进行土壤盐分预测以及盐分剖面解译提供了一定的理论参考和实践依据.     

西范坪铜矿成矿作用初步研究——兼论还原硫对斑岩铜矿成矿的制约

对西范坪斑岩铜矿的蚀变作用、流体包裹体特征等进行了研究,指出该矿床是由两期岩浆流体叠加作用所形成的.第一期热液作用形成了磁铁矿化和黑云母化,并形成了无矿石英脉;第二期热液形成了阳起石化;早晚两期热液的混合引起了钾长石化及强烈的矿化.由于第二期流体的叠加,将还原硫(H2S)带到浅部,并与第一期富铜的高盐度流体相混合,从而形成铜硫化物的沉淀.第二期富含还原硫流体的加入,是西范坪斑岩铜矿床形成的重要控制因素之一.     

复杂条件下的地下管线探测技术

以深圳市某大道顶管施工地下管线的探测成果为例,研究了在复杂场地条件下,探测地下管线的地球物理方法和技术,着重研究了电磁感应探测法.认为在复杂条件下,对钢质煤气管,应采用电磁感应探测法;对钢质或铁质给水管,应采用直接法;对电力管和电信管,应尽量采用夹钳法;对排水(管)渠等非金属材质管线,应采用地质雷达探测的方法.     

提高管线探测水平分辨率的技术方法

在平顶山矿工路路面改造工程中,使用GX-2型及RD-4000型地下管线探测仪探测地下管网布设情况。根据地下管线种类、管线布设方位、埋置深度、探测难度大小进行了多次试验,在此基础上确定了电磁探测技术与方法：利用直连法提高被测管线中的交变电流,压制邻近平行管线和地下介质中的异常反映;在多管并存、且间距较小的情况下,应选择“梯度法”对磁场水平分量垂直梯度ΔHx进行观测,以得到最大清晰异常;另外,还应根据具体情况,合理选择诸如压制旁侧管线法、选择发射法、偏移感应法、动源发射法等发射方式,保证目标管线中有较强异常呈现。在管线密集区,应尽可能地降低工作频率,以减小旁侧管线中产生的二次电流及二次磁场;为防止信噪比下降,可适当减小收发距,以提高接收机的灵敏度。     

顶板诱导崩落模式选择时变数值分析

顶板诱导崩落是一种新的空区处理技术,其实施效果与诱导崩落施工路径、方法和顺序有关,同时矿岩体作为一种弹塑性体,具有非线性时变力学特征。运用时变力学的基本理论,建立了顶板诱导崩落的时变力学有限元基本方程。针对大厂铜坑矿92号矿体试验采场的地质特征,构建了顶板诱导崩落的时变力学有限元模型,采用多步骤开挖模拟两种不同顶板诱导崩落模式,研究两种不同工序的顶板塑性区发展、东西预裂与崩顶硐室的位移及其安全系数,分析了其对采场的综合效应。结果表明,先预裂后崩顶的顶板诱导崩落模式有利于顶板崩落诱导,并综合考虑诱导崩落效果与作业安全,建议采用先预裂爆破后强制崩顶的微差爆破一次成型工艺。     

Application of the normalized surface magnetic charge model to UXO discrimination in cases with overlapping signals

This paper presents an application of the normalized surface magnetic charge (NSMC) model to discriminate objects of interest, such as unexploded ordnance (UXO), from innocuous items in cases when UXO electromagnetic induction (EMI) responses are contaminated by signals from other objects. Over the entire EMI spectrum considered here (tens of Hertz up to several hundreds of kHz), the scattered magnetic field outside the object can be produced mathematically by equivalent magnetic charges. The amplitudes of these charges are determined from measurement data and normalized by the excitation field. The model takes into account the scatterer's heterogeneity and near- and far-field effects. For classification algorithms, the frequency spectrum of the total NSMC is proposed and investigated as a discriminant. The NSMC is combined with the differential evolution (DE) algorithm in a two-step inversion procedure. To illustrate the applicability of the DE–NSMC algorithm, blind test data are processed and analyzed for cases in which signals from nearby objects frequently overlap. The method was highly successful in distinguishing UXO from accompanying clutter.     

A study of transient variations in the Earth’s electromagnetic field at equatorial electrojet latitudes in western Africa (Mali and the Ivory Coast)

In the framework of the French-Ivorian participation to the IEEY, a network of 10 electromagnetic stations were installed at African longitudes. The aim of this experiment was twofold: firstly, to study the magnetic signature of the equatorial electrojet on the one hand, and secondly, to characterize the induced electric field variations on the other hand. The first results of the magnetic field investigations were presented by Doumouya and coworkers. Those of the electric field experiment will be discussed in this study. The electromagnetic experiment will be described. The analysis of the electromagnetic transient variations was conducted in accordance with the classical distinction between quiet and disturbed magnetic situations. A morphological analysis of the recordings is given, taking into consideration successively quiet and disturbed magnetic situations, with the results interpreted in terms of the characterization of external and internal sources. Particular attention was paid to the effects of the source characteristics on the induced field of internal origin, and to the bias they may consequently cause to the results of electromagnetic probing of the Earth; the source effect in electromagnetic induction studies. During quiet magnetic situations, our results demonstrated the existence of two different sources. One of these, the S_R^E source, was responsible for most of the magnetic diurnal variation and corresponded to the well-known magnetic signature of the equatorial electrojet. The other source (the S_R*^E source) was responsible for most of the electric diurnal variation, and was also likely to be an ionospheric source. Electric and magnetic diurnal variations are therefore related to different ionospheric sources, and interpreting the electric diurnal variation as induced by the magnetic field diurnal variation is not relevant. Furthermore, the magnetotelluric probing of the upper mantle at dip equator latitudes with the electromagnetic diurnal variation is consequently impossible to perform. In the case of irregular variations, the source effect related to the equatorial electrojet is also discussed. A Gaussian model of equatorial electrojet was considered, and apparent resistivities were computed for two models of stratified Earth corresponding to the average resistive structure of the two tectonic provinces crossed by the profile: a sedimentary basin and a cratonic shield. The apparent resistivity curves were found to depend significantly on both the model used and the distance to the center of the electrojet. These numerical results confirm the existence of a daytime source effect related to the equatorial electrojet. Furthermore, we show that the results account for the observed differences between daytime and night-time apparent resistivity curves. In particular, it was shown that electromagnetic probing of the Earth using the classical Cagniard-Tikhonov magnetotelluric method is impossible with daytime recordings made at dip latitude stations.     

Electromagnetic induction prediction of soil salinity and groundwater properties in a Tunisian Saharan oasis

Abstract

Electromagnetic induction measurements (EM) were taken in a saline gypsiferous soil of the Saharan-climate Fatnassa oasis (Tunisia) to predict the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract (ECe) and shallow groundwater properties (depth, Dgw, and electrical conductivity, ECgw) using various models. The soil profile was sampled at 0.2 m depth intervals to 1.2 m for physical and chemical analysis. The best input to predict the log-transformed soil salinity (lnECe) in surface (0–0.2 m) soil was the EMh/EMv ratio. For the 0–0.6 m soil depth interval, the performance of multiple linear regression (MLR) models to predict lnECe was weaker using data collected over various seasons and years (R _a ² = 0.66 and MSE = 0.083 dS m^-1) as compared to those collected during the same period (R _a ² = 0.97, MSE = 0.007 dS m^-1). For similar seasonal conditions, for the Dgw–EMv relationship, R ² was 0.88 and the MSE was 0.02 m for Dgw prediction. For a validation subset, the R ² was 0.85 and the MSE was 0.03 m. Soil salinity was predicted more accurately when groundwater properties were used instead of soil moisture with EM variables as input in the MLR.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor K. Heal

Citation Bouksila, F., Persson, M., Bahri, A., and Berndtsson, R., 2012. Electromagnetic induction predictions of soil salinity and groundwater properties in a Tunisian Saharan oasis. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (7), 1473–1486.     

防雷箱残压“二次感应”的研究试验与仿真

防雷箱广泛应用在各类低压配电系统的雷电防护中,为研究防雷箱在8/20μs冲击电流作用下常出现"二次感应"的现象,基于Haefely DIAS 733测试系统通过大量试验,结合电磁感应理论对感应电压进行计算,并利用PSPICE建立感应回路。结果表明:1防雷箱内部平行布线且输入输出同端口时,"二次感应"电压幅值服从电磁感应定律,且可进行较精确计算。2采用双绞线布线、地线与输出线非平行、输入与输出线异端口且与地线非平行3种方法可有效地降低因电磁感应而增加的残压,从而获得较低的输出残压。3试验表明,当内部采用输入与输出线异端口且与地线非平行的综合布线方案后,效果最明显,在60kA冲击电流下,相对未改进的防雷箱,采样点残压下降约45%。