Intra-plant differences in seaweed nutritional quality and chemical defenses: Importance for the feeding behavior of the intertidal amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata

As a result of their morphological complexity, large macroalgae show intra-thallus variations in their nutritional composition and secondary metabolite content, which influences the trophic ecology of herbivorous invertebrates, and ultimately their fitness. In this study, we evaluated for the first time the variability in nutritional quality (protein content, carbohydrates, lipids, and total organic matter), secondary metabolites (phlorotannins), and structure (shape and toughness) between blades and stipes of the macroalgae Durvillaea Antarctica. Specifically, we looked at their effect on feeding preference, rate of consumption, absorption efficiency, and growth rate of the amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata, one of the most abundant organisms on Chilean sandy beaches. Proteins, carbohydrates, total organic matter and phlorotannin contents were significantly higher in blades than in stipes. Preference experiments revealed that the amphipods preferred blades when fresh pieces of blades and stipes were offered at the same time. Similar results were found when artificial food (in which structures of both parts of the alga were standardized) was offered, suggesting that shape and toughness of the two different parts of the alga did not influence preference patterns of O. tuberculata. Absorption efficiency of O. tuberculata was higher on blades compared to stipes. When the amphipods were kept with each of the algal parts separately (i.e. no choice), they consumed a significantly higher amount of stipe, which suggests that O. tuberculata used food quantity to compensate for the lower nutritional quality of stipes. The higher nutritional values of blades compared to stipes appears to explain observed preference patterns by O. tuberculata. Phlorotannin content did not appear to inhibit blade consumption, suggesting that the nutritional quality of the food could be more important than chemical defense in determining food choice in O. tuberculata. Growth did not differ between the amphipods maintained with either blades or stipes (i.e. no choice), which is consistent with the hypothesis of compensatory feeding. To conclude, O. tuberculata can actively select specific parts of an alga and this selection appears to be based on nutritional quality. The capacity for using different feeding strategies allow O. tuberculata, in some cases, to successfully exploit food types with different nutritional qualities.     

轨道交通线路图的站点符号表达对信息搜索速率的影响分析

轨道交通线路图是一种广泛应用于交通运输网络的新图形,它在出行中具有不可替代的作用。本文选取上海城市轨道交通线路图中7种有代表性的站点符号表达形式,采用时间统计和定量分析的方法,以站点符号的色彩、线型、尺寸和几何形态等四类要素,对用户测试时视觉搜索速率的影响作了分析。结果表明,对轨道交通体系的熟悉程度越高,信息搜索速率越...     

Water relations and hydraulic architecture of two Patagonian steppe shrubs: Effect of slope orientation and microclimate

On a local scale, topography influences microclimate, vegetation structure and the morpho-physiological attributes of plants. We studied the effects of microclimatic differences between NE- and SW-facing slopes on the water relations and hydraulic properties of two dominant shrubs of the Patagonian steppe in Argentina (Retanilla patagonica and Colliguaja integerrima). The NE-facing slope had higher irradiance and air saturation deficits and lower soil water availability and wind speed than the SW-facing slope. Predawn and midday Ψ_L and osmotic potentials were significantly lower in shrubs on the NE-facing slope. Osmotic adjustment and more elastic cell walls helped the plants to cope with a more xeric environment on NE-facing slope. Higher water deficits on NE-facing slope were partially compensated by a higher leaf and stem water storage. While stem hydraulic efficiency did not vary between slopes, leaf hydraulic conductance was between 40% and 300% higher on the NE-facing slope. Changes observed in leaf size and in SLA were consistent with responses to mechanical forces of wind (smaller and scleromorphic leaves on SW-facing slope). Morpho-physiological adjustments observed at a short spatial scale allow maintenance of midday Ψ_L above the turgor loss point and demonstrate that leaves are more responsive to microclimatic selective pressures than stems.     

Desertification in the Sahel: Towards better accounting for ecosystem dynamics in the interpretation of remote sensing images

To date, the interpretation of remote sensing images has not revealed wide-spread degradation of the vegetation in the Sahel. However, the interpretation of spectral information depends on a range of assumptions regarding the dynamics of the Sahelian vegetation as a function of rainfall variability and human management. Recent papers have presented diverging views on the vegetation dynamics of the Sahel and how these can be analysed with remote sensing images. We present a further analysis of the vegetation dynamics of semi-arid rangelands, in particular the Sahel, and the subsequent implications for the interpretation of remote sensing images. Specifically, the ecological processes driving the response of the Sahelian vegetation to rainfall variation are re-examined, and a regression analysis of NPP versus rainfall data is carried out. It is shown that the relation between the interannual variation in NPP and rainfall in the Sahel is non-linear and that this relation differs between sites with different average annual rainfall. It has been common practise in remote sensing studies for the Sahel to aggregate data from various Sahelian sites in order to obtain an average relation between rainfall, NPP and Rain Use Efficiency, and to assume these relations to be linear. This paper shows that this approach may lead to a bias in the interpretation of remote sensing images and that further work is required to clarify if wide-spread ecosystem degradation has occurred in the Sahel.     

L波段探空雷达维护维修技巧

通过对武都气象观测站L波段探空雷达维护维修记录整理、归纳、分析,从中提炼出L波段探空雷达故障排查顺序和维护维修技巧,缩短维修时间,提高维修效率,供雷达机务工作者参考。     

青海木里煤田永久冻土地层钻探技术研究

木里煤田属高寒缺氧地区,冻土（岩）层在钻进中遇热融解、融化,从而使孔内出现大范围的坍塌,造成卡钻、埋钻事故频发,给钻探施工及岩煤心采取带来很大的困难。从钻孔结构设计、钻具选择、低温冲洗液配置等方面进行深入研究,总结出来了一套适用于木里煤田永久冻土地层的钻探技术。应用表明,该项技术将钻月效率从2004年的224m,提高到2006年的424.5m,效果显著。     

时空域相关性的快速HEVC帧问模式判决方法

高性能视频编码（HEVC）相比目前的国际视频编码标准H．264／AVC有着更高的视频压缩比,但同时也带来了更大的编码计算复杂度。为了降低该计算复杂度,提出了一种快速HEVC帧间预测模式。统计了HEVC中最大出现概率的预测单元（PU）模式,分析了相邻两帧之间的编码单元（CU）和Pu之间的时域相关性,分析了对应CU分块与其空间上相邻的4个CU之间的相关性。根据分析的最大出现概率的Pu模式,以及时域相关性和空域相关性,跳过当前最大编码单元中各层CU中冗余的Pu模式,从而降低了编码的计算复杂度。实验结果显示,与HEVC测试模型HM7．0相比,该算法能在保持视频质量和视频压缩比基本不变的情况下,降低32．2％～52．4％的编码时间。     

大牛地气田水平井优快钻井技术探索

大牛地属于低压、低渗、低丰度的三低油气藏,能否实行优快钻井成为制约水平井发展的主要因素,通过对井身结构、钻具组合、钻头选型及泥浆体系结构等统计分析,总结出适合大牛地气田水平井优快钻井技术,形成了一套大幅度提高机械效率、缩短钻井周期,适合大牛地工区的优快钻井技术。     

钻孔水力采矿研究方法的探讨

综合分析工艺流程、喷射机理，水枪设计，升举效率和安全稳定性等，将钻孔水力采矿的众多技术问题归纳为5个方面析要点内容，为开展钻孔水力采矿的技术研究和技术开发工作提出基本思路。     

沿黄九省工业水资源效率及其影响因素的时空异质性

科学评估工业水资源效率并识别其影响因素是缓解水资源供需矛盾的重要前提。基于非期望产出的超效率EBM（Epsilon-based measure）模型测度了沿黄九省2010—2019年的工业水资源效率,然后构建Tobit模型分析其全局影响因素,在此基础上选取显著性影响因素纳入时空地理加权回归模型,探究各影响因素的时空异质性。结果表明：沿黄九省工业水资源效率均值为0.77,未达到有效水平,但呈现出波动上升态势。各省份之间效率差异明显,山东最高（1.064）,宁夏最低（0.424）。在影响因素的宏观层面,技术水平和工业化程度对工业水资源效率攀升有正向促进作用;水资源禀赋、社会发展水平、工业用水强度和政府规制程度皆存在抑制效应,但显著程度不同,且高显著性影响因素的效应具有不同的时间演化趋势;在微观层面,各省份工业水资源效率的主导影响因素及其效应存在空间差异。