Movement of large gas bubbles in unsaturated fine‐grained sediments

Abstract

Where undissolved gas occurs within fine‐grained marine sediments it usually takes the form of discrete bubbles that are much larger than the normal void spaces. The possibility of buoyancy‐induced movement of these relatively large bubbles must be included when considering the transport of gas through marine sediments. A theoretical analysis shows that, under static loading conditions, bubbles larger than a critical size should have sufficient buoyancy to move upward through a fine‐grained sediment stratum, whereas bubbles smaller than the critical size should remain fixed in position. The critical radius is directly proportional to sediment shear strength, and bubbles of a realistic size should move upward only in extremely weak sediments. Further theoretical analysis shows that the critical bubble size is reduced under cyclic loading conditions, but movement of typical‐sized bubbles should still be restricted to sediments of low shear strength. A simple laboratory experiment provides support for the conclusions of the theoretical analysis. The results indicate that buoyancy‐induced movement of relatively large gas bubbles in fine‐grained sediments is most likely to occur under storm loading conditions and is unlikely to occur at depths greater than a few meters below the seabed.     

Geo-referencing with semi-automatic gazetteer expansion using lexico-syntactical patterns and co-reference analysis

Geo-referencing is a key task for geographical information retrieval because it allows unstructured or textual documents (i.e., Web pages) to be associated with geographical locations, which are then used by geo-search engines to index documents and search information by spatial criteria. This work proposes a strategy to extract geo-references from textual documents that combine natural language-processing techniques and co-reference solving heuristics, which in turn can be used to expand a geographical gazetteer. Implicit geographical entities (i.e., those entities referred to by pronouns) are recognized and incorporated into the gazetteer that is updated and used for geo-referencing tasks. Experiments show the promise of the approach to geo-referencing Web pages when dealing with implicit and/or indirect geo-references.     

四川黑水垭口山隧道工程勘察漏失孔钻进技术及泥浆工艺

采用植物胶系列泥浆材料加有机高分子处理,配制出具有延时膨胀功效的泥浆,解决了钻孔全部漏失的难题,对于类似地层钻探施工有借鉴意义。     

On an Averaged Model for the 2-fluid Immiscible Flow with Surface Tension in a Thin Cylindrical Tube

We consider the two-fluid incompressible immiscible flow, with surface tension, in a thin cylindrical tube. Using the method of asymptotic expansions with respect to the thickness of the domain, effective 1D equations are derived. Supposing that the fluids are strictly separated at t=0 and that only one phase is in contact with the rigid wall, we show that the derived equations equal a nonlinear degenerate fourth order parabolic equation for the saturation. If we set the surface tension to be zero, it reduces to the Buckley–Leverett equation recently derived by Mikeli and Paoli using the same technique. In the general case we obtain the generalized Darcy's equations with extra-diagonal terms and the relative permeabilities are calculated explicitly. The capillary pressure results only from te surface tension between two fluid phases.     

引力常数、地球膨胀、地壳运动

根据万有引力常数Ｇ与宇宙年龄成反比这一原理，利用古生物资料，讨论了Ｇ减小与地球半径ｒ＇的关系模式。认为Ｇ减小引起地球内部压强减小，从而引起地球膨胀，而各国层、各块体的膨胀状态有差异，从而产生地壳运动；大陆漂移、海底扩张是地球膨胀的直接结果。     

The influencing factors of urban land expansion in Changsha

This research systematically analyses land-use map of Changsha city in different periods of time. The spatial form and structural evolution was analysed by studying indices such as city land-use structure proportion, expansion intensity, economic flexibility, population flexibility, changing compactness index and so on. The dynamic mechanism of urban land expansion has been discussed by integrating the regional social economy development situation and many aspects such as the physiographical surrounding, population and eco-nomic development, traffic infrastructure, planning and regional development tactic and system innovation. The research indicates that the urban land expansion speed and intensity have steadily increased in Changsha from 1949 to 2004. The expansion form has been from a single external expansion to a combination form of external and internal expansion, from a circular or linear continuous form to a blocky or agglomeration shape. Overall, the urban land expansion of Changsha city is a phasic, diversified and complex process. And no matter what the stage is, it is an organic system containing multiple speed, pattern and shape, which are driven by multiple impetuses. The dominant feature at different stages was highlighted be-cause of the balance and fluctuation between different forces, and the existing urban land border and shape have resulted from the joint efforts of these phasic forces.     

Expansion and contraction of Chinese deserts during the Quaternary

Episodic dune formations during the Quaternary are found in many deserts of China.The causes of desert expansions on different time scales are not the same. Desert extension atabout 1.1 and 0.9 Ma ago were the response to the active tectonic movements, whereas the de-sert evolutions on the ten-thousand years time scale were the response to the orbital scale climaticchanges. Spatial scale studies on desert evolution indicate that desert margins shifted greatly dur-ing the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the Holocene optimum, its changing from 125°E of theLGM to 105°E of the climatic optimum. Historical desertification in the semiarid China is not a re-sponse to climate drought but largely associated with the human impacts (mainly over-cultivation)since about 2300 years ago, which leads to the reworking of the underlying LGM sands.     

基于结构特征的地图信息识别与提取

叙述了基于结构特征的地图信息识别与提取的方法 ,讨论了收缩变换、扩张变换、细化、Hough变换、RLS变换和特征点提取等各种特征提取算法。     

不确定分析技术中的多项式正态转换方法研究

不确定性及可靠性分析技术已广泛应用于水利及土木系统工程分析中，可靠性计算的核心之一是对随机变量进行正态转换。对土木工程系统不确定性及可靠性分析中有着潜在应用前景的非正态随机变量的多项式正态转换方法进行了研究，通过在各种条件下非正态随机变量的正态多项式转换成果之评价，发现在水利及土木工程可靠性分析中常用的许多分布可以保留其自身的比较好的特征。     

Griffith Taylor's ‘palimpsest theory’ of the dry valleys of Victoria land,antarctica

Griffith Taylor was the first geomorphologist to work in the Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Following his field work in February 1911, he proposed a multistage model in which earlier cirque erosion was later swamped by expanding outlet glaciers. Subsequently these glaciers retreated leaving the present form of the valleys. The topography retained the imprint of each episode, hence his name ‘palimpsest theory’. I summarise later research and compare Taylor's theory with current views.