电子地图的自适应注记研究与实现

地图注记的自动配置是地图制图与GIS的难点之一,传统的注记自动配置,采用的算法过于复杂,难以满足电子地图实时响应的要求;而且传统地图采用的是静态注记,而电子地图的屏幕范围有限,往往导致地图视口边界的注记不完整。本文提出一种网格标记法实现注记压盖的快速检测,并基于此方法实现注记配置的压盖避让和动态调整,即注记的自适应配置。实践表明,此方法能有效改善电子地图的显示效果和运行效率,具有较高的实用性。     

Adaptive multi-resolution labeling in virtual landscapes

Labeling plays an important role in map production, attaching specific texts to related geographic elements to provide clear environmental references. In three-dimensional geographical information systems (3DGISs), however, cluttering happens fairly commonly because of the unexpected overlapping and occlusion among labels and related objects, and results in an ambiguous and obscure environment. It generally also takes large computing power and memory to visualize spatial entities. Aimed at both unambiguous and efficient 3D map display, this article proposes an adaptive multi-resolution labeling method to deal with point, polyline, and polygon features labeling in a 3D landscape. It implements adaptive placement and view-driven label filtering without obscuring other visual features. The experiments indicated that the display of overlapping labels and label popping are reduced significantly with less computation burden while retaining the rendering quality.     

A Practical Algorithm for the External Annotation of Area Features

One of the subtasks of automated map labelling that has received little attention so far is the labelling of areas. Geographic areas are often are represented by concave polygons which pose severe limitations on straightforward solutions due to their great variety of shape, a fact worsened by the lack of measures for quantifying feature-label relationships. We introduce a novel and efficient algorithm for labelling area features externally, i.e. outside their polygonal boundary. Two main contributions are presented in the following. First, it is a highly optimized algorithm of generating candidate placements utilizing algorithms from the field of computational geometry. Second, we describe a measure for scoring label positions. Both solutions based on a series of well-established cartographic precepts about name positioning in the case of semantic enclaves such as islands or lakes. The results of our experiments show that our algorithm can efficiently place labels with a quality that is close to the quality of traditional cartographic products made by human cartographers.     

Evaluating the Efficiency of Typographic Design: Gender and Expertise Variation

Abstract

Although the efficiency of label placement algorithms has been studied extensively, few studies considered the influence of the label designs on the efficiency of map readers. Labels are one of the most important elements on the map as they can provide more information than other symbols can. The design of the labels does have to stress the theme, shape and functionality of the associated objects, which results in a more efficient interpretation of the map content by the user. How the label designs can enhance the map readers’ efficiency (and thus the quality of the maps themselves) is the main objective of this study. A user study was conducted in which the participants were asked to locate a target label on a map. Different label designs were implemented across the trials. The participants’ reactions times were registered to measure their efficiency and statistically analysed using a one-way ANOVA. Two different users’ characteristics were considered: gender and expertise. Related to the size, shape, orientation and texture of the labels, a number of significant differences (P<0·05) and trends were located. Differences in efficiency between males and females, on the one hand, and between novices and experts, on the other hand, were also described statistically. Consequently, recommendations can be formulated regarding the design of labels in order to obtain more efficient maps, keeping in mind the map users’ characteristics.     

地图汉字注记的自动定位研究

注记是地图的重要组成部分,注记位置、方向选择恰当与否,与地图的易读性和使用价值有密切关系,注记速度也影响着地图的成图周期。可是注记效果不理想,注记速度慢却是计算机制图中的常见现象,即使是在计算机制图技术有了很大发展的今天,自动注记仍然没有得到很好解决。最近的研究表明,找到具有最佳效果的注记从时间上来讲是不可能的,因而自动注记算法都是希望在尽量短的时间内,得到尽可能好的注记效果。自动注记的主要难点在于自动定位。本文针对不同的地图要素,提出了基于回溯的自动定位算法,取得了较好的效果。     

基于数字标识的敏感文件监控研究与实现

通过对系统剪贴板和网络出口数据的监控实现了终端系统敏感电子文件的监控。敏感电子文件由数字标识来标记,它指明了文件的密级和用户使用权限。采用Winpcap捕包机制并结合BM特征串模式匹配算法准确地监控网络出口数据。通过轮询剪贴板中的文件列表来监控系统的文件拷贝操作。实验表明,终端用户对敏感文件的非法操作系统都可以准确地监控并保存日志记录。     

浅析我国公开地图上国界线附近地名注记的表示方法

我国国界线附近的地名标注涉及行政地名、自然地名、历史地名、国外地名、少数民族地名等,其标注形式多种多样。本文在研究当前我国关于公开地图上地名表示相关规定的基础上,提出了公开地图上边界线附近地名的标注不仅应考虑地图编制方面的要求,更应注重地名的政治导向、历史由来及少数民族语言翻译标准等多方面因素。     

顾及空间分布与注记相关性的点要素注记配置算法EI北大核心CSCD

点状要素注记自动配置问题是数据可视化研究的难点之一。稠密型点状要素注记之间往往存在着较大的相关性和冲突性,从而导致注记效率低下及配置结果不合理的问题。本文通过充分挖掘稠密型点状要素的空间分布特征和注记相关性,提出了一种顾及空间分布与注记相关性的点要素注记配置算法。首先,充分挖掘点要素的局部空间分布特征和注记间的相关性构建注记关联度模型;其次,利用基于注记关联度模型的空间聚类算法对其整体空间分布特征进行描述和分析,将单一数据集划分为若干个独立的子数据集,以消除整体求解中独立数据集产生的干扰性和模糊性;最后,利用点要素的局部空间分布特征和注记相关性构建基于增序注记关联度模型的注记次序规则,并采用多层次元启发算法求解注记配置的近似最优解。试验结果表明:在5%~40%注记密度下的点要素注记配置,新算法较传统元启发式算法的求解效率提高10.41%~28.92%,注记质量评价函数值下降5.5~35.9,有效提升了点要素注记配置的效率和质量。     

环境同位素在水文地质和环境地质研究中的应用

氢和氧的稳定同位素作用为水起源的标记业已成为水文地质学和环境地质学的重要工具，被用来定量评价自然界的许多水文地质学和环境地质过程。但是，难点是标记的确定，14C作为时钟可用于测定地下水年龄。然而，放射性碳是一个难于掌握的工具。困难是确定补给水到达潜水面时14C的初始放射性。