A study of intermittent turbulence with cases-99 tower measurments

Characteristics of intermittent turbulence events in the stably stratified nocturnal boundary layer are investigated with data collected in the CASES-99 tower array of 300-m radius. The array consists of a central 60-m tower with eddy covariance measurements at eight levels and six satellite towers with eddy covariance measurements at 5 m. A significant increase in the magnitude of vertical wind velocity () and spectral information are used to define the onset of an intermittent turbulence event. Normally, only a subset of 5 m-levels in the tower network experience an intermittent turbulence event concurrent with one at the 5 m-level on the main tower. This behaviour reveals the small horizontal extent of most events. Intermittent turbulence events at the main tower 5-m level are normally confined to a layer much thinner than the 60-m tower height. The turbulent kinetic energy budget is evaluated for intermittent turbulence events observed at the 5-m level on the main tower. Generally, the onset of an intermittent turbulence event is not closely related to the reduction of the gradient Richardson number below 0.25, the critical Richardson number of turbulence generation for linear instability. Possible explanations including the influence of advected turbulence patches are discussed.     

峨眉山地区近地层微气象特征研究

基于2019年12月至2020年11月峨眉山站梯度塔资料、辐射观测资料和地表通量资料,采用涡动相关法对峨眉山地区近地层的地表通量和蒸散发量的变化进行分析,并估算了零平面位移、空气动力粗糙度、空气热力粗糙度、动量通量输送系数和感热通量输送系数等重要的空气动力学和热力学参数.研究表明:近地面风速呈现高层高、低层低的特征,且...     

承德春玉米需水量变化特征及其与气象因子的关系

利用1961-2009年气象资料和发育期资料,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算春玉米生育期内逐日需水量,研究了承德春玉米需水量、水分盈亏的年内、年际变化规律,分析了气象因子对春玉米需水量的影响。结果表明：承德春玉米生育期平均需水总量、水分盈亏分别为522.5mm和69.4mm。在生育期内,春玉米逐日需水量的变化规律表现为先缓慢增加后减小|春玉米需水量与气象因子密切相关。     

麦莎台风登陆后能量过程与水汽供应的诊断研究

对0509号台风"麦莎(Matsa)"登陆后长时间维持并轻度加强的过程进行了诊断研究,此过程涉及到多种因素.位涡分析表明,当中纬度西风槽东移,该槽底部分裂出的一个较小的正位涡中心与"麦莎"合并使"麦莎"的涡旋动能增强,而在9日之后"麦莎"与槽主体合并的阶段,槽区主要的正位涡中心与"麦莎"融合.动能收支分析发现,"麦莎"登陆北移过程中,高层的无辐散风穿越等高线将位能转换为动能这一过程较"麦莎"的整体加强为早,而辐散风是低层动能的主要来源.中低层天气尺度系统为积云对流的发展提供动能,而积云对流释放潜热又为高层动能的维持提供了帮助.将"麦莎"与北美"Agnes"飓风比较后发现,"麦莎"加强程度比"Agnes"较弱的原因之一,是高层的无辐散风把台风环流内的动能向环境输出,而"Agnes"飓风则是环境区有大量动能向台风环流区输送.分析水汽来源可知,在"麦莎"登陆期间及其后副热带和热带的两条水汽通道同时或分别为"麦莎"的积云对流提供了足够的水汽供应.     

农林复合带一维非静力大气边界层模式及其模拟分析

建立了一个农林复合带地区一维非静力大气边界层能量闭合模式，对1000m以下的大气边界层内的风、温、湿作了24h的预报，并对下垫面3种不同参数化方案(农作物、森林、无植被)的输出结果与实测值进行了分析和比较；同时通过敏感性试验，突出比较了农作物和森林下垫面对大气边界层垂直流场，湍流垂直交换和湍能的影响。结果表明，本模式能改善边界层风速、位温和湿度预报的模拟效果，下垫面植被对边界层气象要素大小和分布有显著的作用，对湍能垂直分布有一定影响。     

黑河中游间作灌溉农田的能量平衡

利用布设在黑河流域中游的张掖绿洲区的一套自动气象观测系统在2004年作物生长期内的完整资料,分析了黑河中游春小麦和玉米间作农田生态系统的辐射收支,在此基础上选用波文比能量平衡法(BREB)进行了能量平衡计算.结果表明:间作作物-土壤系统截获的太阳短波辐射占太阳总辐射的比例从生长初期的0.81持续增加到生长末期的0.86;净辐射在生长初期较小,生长中期第一阶段增幅大,至第二阶段达到最大,生长末期降低;净辐射占太阳总辐射的比例与净辐射的变化相似.能量平衡中,净辐射的消耗以潜热为主,占70%左右,感热能量占20%,土壤热通量占净辐射总值的10%.不同生长阶段的能量平衡差异较大,能量平衡在不同生长阶段呈现出不同的日变化特征.     

Understanding changes in the water budget driven by climate change in cryospheric‐dominated watershed of the northeast Tibetan Plateau,China

Glacial retreat and the thawing of permafrost due to climate warming have altered the hydrological cycle in cryospheric‐dominated watersheds. In this study, we analysed the impacts of climate change on the water budget for the upstream of the Shule River Basin on the northeast Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that temperature and precipitation increased significantly during 1957–2010 in the study area. The hydrological cycle in the study area has intensified and accelerated under recent climate change. The average increasing rate of discharge in the upstream of the Shule River Basin was 7.9 × 10⁶ m³/year during 1957–2010. As the mean annual glacier mass balance lost ?62.4 mm/year, the impact of glacier discharge on river flow has increased, especially after the 2000s. The contribution of glacier melt to discharge was approximately 187.99 × 10⁸ m³ or 33.4% of the total discharge over the study period. The results suggested that the impact of warming overcome the effect of precipitation increase on run‐off increase during the study period. The evapotranspiration (ET) increased during 1957–2010 with a rate of 13.4 mm/10 years. On the basis of water balance and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and the Global Land Data Assimilation System data, the total water storage change showed a decreasing trend, whereas groundwater increased dramatically after 2006. As permafrost has degraded under climate warming, surface water can infiltrate deep into the ground, thus changing both the watershed storage and the mechanisms of discharge generation. Both the change in terrestrial water storage and changes in groundwater have had a strong control on surface discharge in the upstream of the Shule River Basin. Future trends in run‐off are forecasted based on climate scenarios. It is suggested that the impact of warming will overcome the effect of precipitation increase on run‐off in the study area. Further studies such as this will improve understanding of water balance in cold high‐elevation regions.     

Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotope Balance in Tropospheric N2O—An Improved Budget

In steady state the stable isotopic composition of nitrogen and oxygen in tropospheric N2O is balanced by isotopically light N2O emitted from soils and oceans and isotopically heavy N2O as a return flux from the stratosphere.However,no such balance was reached in calculations given by Kim and Caig(1993).Modifications have been made on their calculations based on the most recent reports on annual global emission of N2O.It is considered that the nitrogen and oxygen isotope budget in tropospheric N2O are approximately in balance if isotopic fractionation effects during the production of N2O in soils and furthermore this paper puts forward further evidence for validating the above results.     

DEVELOPMENT OF THE 2-D COUPLED STRATOSPHERIC-TROPOSPHERIC DYNAMICAL-RADIATIVE-CHEMICAL MODEL-PART Ⅲ:BUDGET OF TROPOSPHERIC OZONE*

On the basis of original 2-D coupled model,36 species and 83 reactions about NMHCs are added.By using this model,the budgets of ozone,carbon monoxide and methane in the troposphere are analyzed.The results show that the amount of ozone transported from the stratosphere to the troposphere is about 1340 Tg/a,its producing rate in troposphere is about 1190 Tg/a and the amount of ozone cleared by the dry deposition in troposphere is 1700Tg/a.In troposphere,the ozone is mainly produced at lower level in middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and at upper levels in tropics.