物质能量传输视角下地理过程序列划分及认识论意义

自然地理过程的本质是物质能量传输。基于物质能量传输视角,从输入、作用和输出来认识地理过程的发生序列,主要有三个关键环节：一是关注物质能量的输入基础,即地理过程的物质基础和动力条件;二是关注物质能量的作用细节,即地理过程的序列和特点;三是关注物质能量的输出表现,即地理过程的结果和影响。深化学科理解,基于物质能量“输入—作用—输出”序列认识地理过程时,相当于有了一个来自地理学科本体的思维地图：从动态到静态,以“镜头”方式横切地理过程;从感性到理性,以“序列”方式解构地理过程。     

荒漠河岸柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)灌丛的能量平衡特征

用涡度相关法对新疆塔里木河下游荒漠河岸柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)灌丛进行了1个生长季的实验观测,利用同步气象资料探讨了干旱胁迫环境下柽柳灌丛的近地面微气象和能量平衡特征,并运用普通最小二乘法线性回归及能量平衡比率法对比分析了不同天气条件下柽柳的日能量平衡变化和分配的差异。结果表明:观测期内柽柳灌丛的能量平衡闭合率为72.3%,地表能量通量和能量分配特征呈明显的单峰型二次曲线,地表净辐射通量和潜热通量是柽柳灌丛生长季的主要能量收入项和支出项;生长季内柽柳灌丛的能量平衡残差出现系统性、正负交替的日循环规律;在不同天气条件下,能量的分配转化和平衡程度均有明显差异,晴天的能量闭合状况好于阴天、降雨及扬沙天气,白天好于夜间;能量平衡比率在日出前与日落后的变化显著,且出现瞬时能量过闭合现象。受光合作用的影响,能量平衡闭合程度及碳通量的变化与不同天气下的温度及水分密切相关。     

天然水晶价格高涨少数具收藏价值

<正>近年来,在拍卖市场上,制作精美的水晶动辄就能拍出几十万元,甚至几百万元的高价,凸显了水晶的收藏价值。据有关资料显示,最近10年,天然水晶价格翻了近30倍。不过水晶饰品多为人工水晶,如果以投资收藏为目的,最好选购天然水晶。一直以来,水晶被称为"水玉",被誉为世界上最纯净的东西,与珍珠、玛瑙、玉石齐名,称为我国"传统四宝"。古往今来,人们还给水晶赋予了许多美丽的神话传说,因此水晶工艺品一直深受     

Influence of stocking density on growth,body composition and energy budget of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in recirculating aquaculture systems

Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were reared at four stocking densities—high density D 1(final density ~39 kg/m 3), medium densities D 2(~29 kg/m 3) and D 3(~19 kg/m 3), and low density D 4(~12 kg/m 3)—for 40 days to investigate the effect of stocking density on their growth performance, body composition and energy budgets. Stocking density did not significantly affect specific growth rate in terms of weight(SGR w) but did affect specific growth rate in terms of energy(SGR e). Stocking density significantly influenced the ration level(RL w and RL e), feed conversion ratio(FCR w and FCR e) and apparent digestibility rate(ADR). Ration level and FCR w tended to increase with increasing density. Fish at the highest density D 1 and lowest density D 4 showed lower FCR e and higher ADR than at medium densities. Stocking density significantly affected protein and energy contents of the body but did not affect its moisture, lipid, or ash contents. The expenditure of energy for metabolism in the low-density and high-density groups was lower than that in the medium-density groups. Stocking density affected energy utilization from the feces but had no effect on excretion rate. The greater energy allocation to growth at high density and low density may be attributed to reduced metabolic rate and increased apparent digestibility rate. These findings provide information that will assist selection of suitable stocking densities in the Atlantic-salmon-farming industry.     

半干旱夏季放牧草地能量收支和地表蒸散量变化特征

以半干旱区域典型夏季放牧草地为研究对象,采用涡动相关法,获取了2012年5月至2013年5月水汽和能量通量观测数据,分析夏季近地层能量收支特征、地表蒸散量变化及其气象控制因子。观测结果显示:生长季有效能量的分配以潜热通量为主,非生长季则以感热通量为主;地表蒸散日总量最大值为3.0mm,日蒸散量大小主要取决于土壤温度、气温和净辐射;降雨量的季节分布是地表蒸散量季节变化的一个重要的影响因子。     

两种陆面模式对夏季若尔盖湿地辐射收支与能量平衡模拟的对比研究

为了研究不同陆面模式在夏季若尔盖地区对辐射和能量的模拟特点及适用性,采用NOAH和CLM两种陆面模式对2010年7月16日至2010年8月15日该地区辐射和能量的变化进行模拟,并结合MODIS卫星反演的下垫面资料改善模拟效果,将模拟结果与实测资料进行检验,并对比分析了两种模式模拟输出结果的异同。研究结果表明,在10cm~100cm区间中,NOAH模式对土壤温湿度模拟的相关性随着深度的增加逐渐递减,而CLM模式则相反;在辐射方面,NOAH模式的模拟效果与CLM模式基本一致,NOAH模式对地表热量的模拟要优于CLM,NOAH的各分量的平均相关系数为0.82,CLM为0.79,辐射和热量的日循环形态上表现为CLM的振幅大于NOAH,这主要是由于模式对土壤温湿度分布,以及云量和位置的模拟偏差所造成。     

一次梅雨期台风远距离暴雨的分析研究

用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、MICAPS系统地面站资料、TRMM卫星降水资料以及自动站雨量资料分析了2011年梅雨后期发生在江苏省南京市的一次暴雨过程。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在中高层高空深槽前部、低空切变线附近、低层低涡和地面低压的东北部,是西风带低值系统及其引导的低层低涡与西进北上的"马鞍"台风共同作用产生的。925 h Pa上中国东南沿海位于低层低涡东北部的东南偏东气流影响下,将来自于西太平洋的水汽源源不断向暴雨区输送,为暴雨的发生提供了良好的水汽条件。不仅如此,此东南偏东气流还使得华南和东南沿海地区暖平流明显。低层暖平流输送伴随的小幅增温和水汽输送导致的湿度层增厚,导致南京附近大气层结不稳定是暴雨发生的热力环境。随着"马鞍"台风的西进北上,其北侧副高中的干空气逐渐被卷至中国东南沿海附近,与大陆上的暖湿气流形成明显对比,形成了一条明显的能量锋。与此同时,在长江中游地区,残余的梅雨锋也表现为一条能量锋,两条能量锋在南京附近相接,造成明显的上升运动,从而触发了暴雨的发生。     

Energetics of lateral eddy diffusion/advection：Part Ⅳ. Energetics of diffusion/advection in sigma coordinates and other coordinates

Gravitational potential energy （GPE） source and sink due to stirring and cabbeling associated with sigma dif fusion/ advection is analyzed. It is shown that GPE source and sink is too big, and they are not closely linked to physical property distribution, such as temperature, salinity and velocity. Although the most frequently quoted advantage of sigma coordinate models are their capability of dealing with topography; the exces sive amount of GPE source and sink due to stirring and cabbeling associated with sigma diffusion/advec tion diagnosed from our analysis raises a very serious question whether the way lateral diffusion/advection simulated in the sigma coordinates model is physically acceptable. GPE source and sink in three coordinates is dramatically different in their magnitude and patterns. Overall, in terms of simulating lateral eddy diffu sion and advection isopycnal coordinates is the best choice and sigma coordinates is the worst. The physical reason of the excessive GPE source and sink in sigma coordinates is further explored in details. However, even in the isopycnal coordinates, simulation based on the Eulerian coordinates can be contaminated by the numerical errors associated with the advection terms.     

一次春季暴雨与盛夏暴雨物理量对比分析

利用实况观测资料分析2014年陕南春季区域性暴雨,并与一次盛夏暴雨物理量场进行比较分析,结果表明:此次暴雨过程由高原上东移的短波槽,低层切变线共同影响产生;能量场呈Ω型,以稳定性降水为主,偏南气流自南海向陕南输送水汽,暴雨区的能量值、比湿值及上升速度值都较盛夏暴雨小。此类暴雨的预报着眼点应是降水系统持续的时间,尽管雨强相对较小,但稳定性降水长时间的持续仍可能造成24h累计降水量50mm。     

Diagnostic Study of Global Energy Cycle of the GRAPES Global Model in the Mixed Space-Time Domain

Some important diagnostic characteristics for a model’s physical background are reflected in the model’s energy transport, conversion, and cycle. Diagnosing the atmospheric energy cycle is a suitable way towards understanding and improving numerical models. In this study, formulations of the “Mixed Space-Time Domain”energy cycle are calculated and the roles of stationary and transient waves within the atmospheric energy cycle of the Global-Regional Assimilation and Prediction System （GRAPES） model are diagnosed and compared with the NCEP analysis data for July 2011. Contributions of the zonal-mean components of the energy cycle are investigated to explain the performance of numerical models. The results show that the GRAPES model has the capability to reproduce the main features of the global energy cycle as compared with the NCEP analysis. Zonal available potential energy （AZ） is converted into stationary eddy available potential energy （ASE） and transient eddy available potential energy （ATE）, and ASE and ATE have similar values. The nonlinear conversion between the two eddy energy terms is directed from the stationary to the transient. AZ becomes larger with increased forecast lead time, reflecting an enhancement of the meridional temperature gradient, which strengthens the zonal baroclinic processes and makes the conversion from AZ to eddy potential energy larger, especially for CAT （conversion from AZ to ATE）. The zonal kinetic energy （KZ） has a similar value to the sum of the stationary and transient eddy kinetic energy. Barotropic conversions are directed from eddy to zonal kinetic energy. The zonal conversion from AZ to KZ in GRAPES is around 1.5 times larger than in the NCEP analysis. The contributions of zonal energy cycle components show that transient eddy kinetic energy （KTE） is associated with the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet and the conversion from KZ to KTE reduces in the upper tropopause near 30？S. The nonlinear barotropic conversion between stationary