Osumilite–melt interactions in ultrahigh temperature granulites: phase equilibria modelling and implications for the P–T–t evolution of the Eastern Ghats Province,India

The exposed residual crust in the Eastern Ghats Province records ultrahigh temperature (UHT) metamorphic conditions involving extensive crustal anatexis and melt loss. However, there is disagreement about the tectonic evolution of this late Mesoproterozoic–early Neoproterozoic orogen due to conflicting petrological, structural and geochronological interpretations. One of the petrological disputes in residual high Mg–Al granulites concerns the origin of fine‐grained mineral intergrowths comprising cordierite + K‐feldspar ± quartz ± biotite ± sillimanite ± plagioclase. These intergrowths wrap around porphyroblast phases and are interpreted to have formed by the breakdown of primary osumilite in the presence of melt trapped in the equilibration volume by the melt percolation threshold. The pressure (P)–temperature (T) evolution of four samples from three localities across the central Eastern Ghats Province is constrained using phase equilibria modelling in the chemical system Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–Fe₂O₃ (NCKFMASHTO). Results of the modelling are integrated with published geochronological results for these samples to show that the central Eastern Ghats Province followed a common P–T–t history. This history is characterized by peak UHT metamorphic conditions of 945–955 °C and 7.8–8.2 kbar followed by a slight increase in pressure and close‐to‐isobaric cooling to the conditions of the elevated solidus at 940–900 °C and 8.5–8.3 kbar. In common with other localities from the Eastern Ghats Province, the early development of cordierite before osumilite and the peak to immediate post‐peak retrograde reaction between osumilite and melt to produce the intergrowth features requires that the prograde evolution was one of contemporaneous increasing pressure with increasing temperature. This counter‐clockwise (CCW) evolution is evaluated for one sample using inverse phase equilibria modelling along a schematic P–T path of 150 °C kbar^?1 starting from the low P–T end of the prograde P–T path as constrained by the phase equilibria modelling. The inverse modelling is executed by step‐wise down temperature reintegration of sufficient melt into the residual bulk chemical composition at the P–T point of the 1 mol.% melt isopleth at each step, representing the melt remaining on grain boundaries after each prograde drainage event, to reach the melt connectivity transition (MCT) of 7 mol.%. The procedure is repeated until a plausible protolith composition is recovered. The result demonstrates that clastic sedimentary rocks that followed a CCW P–T evolution could have produced the observed mineral assemblages and microstructures preserved in the central Eastern Ghats Province. This study also highlights the role of melt during UHT metamorphism, particularly its importance to both chemical and physical processes along the prograde and retrograde segments of the P–T path. These processes include: (i) an increase in diffusive length scales during the late prograde to peak evolution, creating equilibration volumes larger than a standard thin section; (ii) the development of retrograde mineral assemblages, which is facilitated if some melt is retained post‐peak; (iii) the presence of melt as a weakening mechanism and the advection of heat by melt, allowing the crust to thicken; and (iv) the effect of melt loss, which makes the deep crust both denser and stronger, and reduces heat production at depth, limiting crustal thickening and facilitating the transition to close‐to‐isobaric cooling.     

中国海事电子海图分幅标准研究

中华人民共和国海事局电子海图(简称中国海事电子海图)作为中国官方电子海图,经过20多年的发展,其技术体制和生产流程日趋完善,目前已通过挪威PRIMAR公司认证并公开向全世界发行.但其采用的分幅标准依旧是传统海图标准,即依据航道进行分幅,这种方法显然已不适用于电子海图.为进一步完善中国海事电子海图现有的生产模式,满足不同...     

地震活动时空演化中看到的龙门山断裂带地震孕育的几个现象

龙门山断裂带在先后5年中发生了2008年汶川M S8强震和2013芦山M S7强震。研究龙门山断裂的地震活动特点,分析地震发展形势成为人们关注的焦点。文中从龙门山断裂带40多年的地震时空演化出发探讨了汶川地震孕育过程中的几个现象:1)孕震范围远小于发震范围,说明在有限断层段上孕育的地震在快速失稳过程中可以连接和扩展成规模很大的失稳断层;2)汶川地震前孕震区小震密集,持续了8年以上,而无明显错动和变形,意味着汶川断层段可能经历了强烈的碎裂方式的挤压应变,在碎裂达到一定程度后失稳;3)为进一步了解震前主震区附近的变化,研究了紫坪铺水库专用台网记录的2004年以来主震附近区域的小震活动的时空过程。结果显示,震前主震附近区域的地震活动曾在2005年10月和2006年10月发生过2次沿断层走向的扩展,扩展时间恰巧与紫坪铺水库2次高水位相呼应。其中,2006年10月地震活动的扩展范围大,震级高。这对说明汶川地震最后的失稳过程十分重要。此外,文中还讨论了汶川地震的发生过程与断层几何相关以及芦山地震没有直接发生在汶川地震后,而是发生在多年后的可能原因。研究结果有助于认识逆断层型强震孕育过程。     

Drought mapping using Geoinformation technology for some sites in the Iraqi Kurdistan region

Abstract

Iraq has suffered severely from drought in recent years and the year 2008 was the driest, particularly in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. This study incorporated Geoinformation technology into mapping the drought that severely affected the Kurdistan region in the years 2007–2008. Geoinformation technology provides support in the theories, methods and techniques for building, and development of Digital Earth aspect. Five vegetation, soil, water, and land surface temperature (LST) indices were applied to two Landsat 7 ETM+ imageries of June 2007 and June 2008, to assess the drought impacts in Erbil governorate Kurdistan during the study period. The indices that were employed in this study were Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Bare Soil Index, Normalized Differential Water Index, Tasseled Cap Transformation Wetness, and LST. The results revealed a significant decrease in the vegetative cover (56.7%) and a decline in soil/vegetation wetness (29.9%) of the total study area. Likewise, there was a significant reduction in the water bodies surface area in the region such as Dokan Lake, which lost 32.5% of its surface area in comparison with the previous year, 2007. The study results showed that the soil moisture content was the most effective actor on the vegetative cover, LST, and drought status in the study area.     

The Potential of the Lenticular Foil Technique for Thematic Cartography

Abstract

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Lenticular visualisation methods are innovative advancements of modern presentation media in cartography. Owing to the mainly three-dimensional perception of people, this technique, in print as well as on screen, offers the possibility to introduce autostereoscopic, i.e. three-dimensional views in cartography. On the basis of true 3D, it has already found its way into the visualisation of relief relations. Moreover, it also opens perspectives for the more widespread products of thematic cartography (thematic maps). Multi-layered representation becomes possible on the basis of three-dimensional or sequentially differentiated depictions of spatial phenomena. Thus, several parameters or dimensions of cartographic content can be displayed at the same time. This essay discusses some potential applications of the lenticular foil technique for thematic cartography on a theoretical basis.     

工商巡查管理信息系统的技术与实现

在河南省大力开展数字城市建设之际,我院经过对工商部门的需求调查和分析后,利用Java,C#,JavaS-cript,HTML等语言,采用无线、有线网络的HTTP通信技术,数据库技术和GPS技术自主研发了工商巡查管理信息系统,该系统分为服务器端、手机端和监控端,实现了条码录入、人员位置监控、实时定位、轨迹显示和信息查询的功能。     

TurboEdit 算法初始阶段周跳探测问题的理论分析

对文献中提出的T urboEdit算法初始阶段周跳探测有关问题进行了深入的理论分析。基于两个假设前提,推证了 T urboEdit算法中所给迭代公式的最小二乘平差实质;结合不同历元迭代公式所满足的概率及置信区间,对可能造成周跳探测不准的原因进行了统计意义上的解释。文中结果表明：T urboEdit算法的成功率仍然主要依赖伪距观测值的精度,在一定的精度水平下,不仅可能存在初始阶段周跳探测不准的问题,其他历元也同样存在周跳探测不准的问题;平差问题自由度较大程度上影响了初始阶段的周跳探测。     

基于OpenGL的二维矢量地图可视化技术研究

电子地图显示速度直接影响地图用户的交互感受,一直是地图制图者关注的一个重点。本文从地图显示速度与适人化交互操作的关系出发,分析了GDI与OpenGL的特点和差异,提出了基于OpenGL的电子地图显示的方法,重点对基于OpenGL多线程的矢量地图快速漫游显示技术和基于纹理映射的地图要素符号化方法进行了分析讨论,并通过实验论证其可行性。     

Electronic chart display and information system

This paper introduces the most advanced form of electronic chart display and information systems (ECDIS) which complies with the Performance Standards for ECDIS established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). It also describes the key features and the important functions of ECDIS. Then the future development of ECDIS in marine is discussed.     

A review of: “National Transfer Format,Release 1.0, January, 1987.” By THE WORKING PARTY TO PRODUCE NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR THE TRANSFER OF NATIONAL DIGITAL MAP DATA. (Southampton: The NTF Secretariat,Ordnance Survey, 1987. [Pp. 191: appendices and looseleaf annex.]

Metonymically used location names (toponyms) refer to other, related entities and thus possess a meaning different from their literal, geographic sense. Metonymic uses are to be treated differently to improve the performance of geographic information retrieval (GIR). Statistics on toponym senses show that 75.06% of all location names are used in their literal sense, 17.05% are used metonymically, and 7.89% have a mixed sense. This article presents a method for disambiguating location names in texts between literal and metonymic senses, based on shallow features.

The evaluation of this method is two‐fold. First, we use a memory‐based learner (TiMBL) to train a classifier and determine standard evaluation measures such as F‐score and accuracy. The classifier achieved an F‐score of 0.842 and an accuracy of 0.846 for identifying toponym senses in a subset of the CoNLL (Conference on Natural Language Learning) data.

Second, we perform retrieval experiments based on the GeoCLEF data (newspaper article corpus and queries) from 2005 and 2006. We compare searching location names in a database index containing both their literal and metonymic senses with searching in an index containing their literal senses only. Evaluation results indicate that removing metonymic senses from the index yields a higher mean average precision (MAP) for GIR. In total, we observed a significant gain in MAP: an increase from 0.0704 to 0.0715 MAP for the GeoCLEF 2005 data, and an increase from 0.1944 to 0.2100 MAP for the GeoCLEF 2006 data.