冬季东亚高空急流季节内协同变化及对我国东部降水的影响

利用ERA-Interim再分析资料,采用滤波和合成分析等统计方法,分析了冬季东亚高空急流的季节内协同变化以及对我国东部降水的影响,结果表明：在季节内尺度(10~90天)中,东亚地区冬季300 hPa逐日纬向风主要表现为准双周振荡(10~30天)。300 hPa低频纬向风异常整体向东传播,高纬的低频纬向风异常向南传播,低纬低频纬向风没有明显经向传播特征。伴随低频纬向西风从里海附近开始向东移动至西北太平洋上空,温带急流向东再向东南移动并且强度先增强再减弱,副热带急流位置没有明显变化,强度演变特征与温带急流变化相反。降水异常对300 hPa风场低频振荡有显著响应,低频降水主要出现在我国东部,随时间向东移动,移至西太平洋附近消失;受低频风场影响,温带急流偏强,副热带急流偏弱时,我国东部高空辐合,地面表现为低频高压,整层有较强下沉气流,地面为东北风控制,不易产生降水;温带急流偏弱,副热带急流偏强时,青藏高原北侧整层一致东风异常,南侧整层一致西风异常,使我国东部高空辐散,地面受低频低压控制,我国东部产生整层上升运动,并且有西南风水汽输送,水汽辐合,我国东部出现低频降水正异常。     

Process Analysis of In-situ Strain during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake—Data from the Stress Monitoring Station at Shandan

Abstract: There were huge life and property losses during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Strain fluctuation curves were completely recorded at stress observatory stations in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its surroundings in the process of the earthquake. This paper introduces the geological background of the Wenchuan earthquake and the profile of in-situ stress monitoring stations. In particular, data of 174 earthquakes (Ms4.0-Ms8.5) were processed and analyzed with various methods, which were recorded at the Shandan station from August 2007 to December 2008. The results were compared with other seismic data, and further analyses were done for the recoded strain seismic waves, co-seismic strain stepovers, pre-earthquake strain valleys, Earth’s free oscillations before and after the earthquake and their physical implications. During the Wenchuan earthquake, the strainmeter recorded a huge extensional strain of 70 seconds, which shows that the Wenchuan earthquake is a rupture process predominated by thrusting. Significant precursory strain anomalies were detected 48 hours, 30 hours, 8 hours and 37 minutes before the earthquake. The anomalies are very high and their forms are very similar to that of the main shock. Similar anomalies can also be found in strain curves of other shocks greater than Ms7.0, indicating that such anomalies are prevalent before a great earthquake. In this paper, it is shown that medium aftershocks (Ms5.5-6.0) can also cause Earth’s free oscillations. Study of free oscillations is of great significance to understand the internal structure of the Earth and focal mechanisms of earthquakes and to recognize slow shocks, thus providing a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of geological disasters and the prediction of future earthquakes.     

SST THERMAL FORCING – A DISCUSSION ON THE MECHANISM OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION

Dynamic and numerical methods are used to discuss the atmospheric response to SST thermalforcing. The results show that for planetary scale systems, the standing SST thermal forcing can quickly excite astable atmospheric equilibrium state response, which is characterized by obvious large-scale teleconnectionoscillation in east-west and south-north directions. For synoptic scale systems, the SST thermal forcing mainlyexcites the atmospheric low-frequency oscillation. Some basic relation and dynamic processes between SSTthermal forcing and atmospheric response pattern are revealed and some new viewpoints are presented.     

CISK, EVAPORATION-WIND FEEDBACK MECHANISM AND 30-60 DAY OSCILLATIONS IN THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE*

A baroclinic semi-geostrophic model with evaporation-wind feedback mechanism(EWFM) and CISK is established,two non-dimensional parameters a and η are introduced to represent EWFM and CISK,respectively.Analytic solutions of the model system are obtained,dynamics analyses and the model atmosphere calculations further confirm that EWFM and CISK are very important physical processes in leading to the low-frequency oscillations in the tropics.     

热带低频振荡的强度和相位对中国南方冬季降水的影响

利用NOAA的逐日向外长波辐射（简称OLR）资料、NCEP／NCAR资料和中国台站降水资料,初步研究了热带地区低频振荡与我国南方冬季降水的关系,并分析了低频振荡不同位相对降水的影响。对低频振荡不同位相的合成分析表明：热带低频振荡的相位变化与位于副热带和菲律宾地区的环流系统的低频变化密切相关,并会影响到我国南方地区降水的演变。在低频振荡强度的高指数年,当对流活跃中心位于热带印度洋（热带西太平洋）时,副热带地区的阿拉伯海槽和孟加拉湾槽加深（减弱）,菲律宾附近表现为反气旋（气旋）式环流,导致我国南方地区南（北）风异常,同时水汽输送和上升运动增强（减弱）,从而导致降水偏多（少）。低指数年各位相的对流、降水以及其他要素的异常均不明显。     

低纬纬向风年际振荡在太平洋地区的传播

利用ＮＭＣ客观分析８５０ｈＰａ（１９７４．１２－１９８８．２）和２００ｈＰａ（１９６８．３－１９８８．２）平均纬向风资料，对其准两年振荡和准３－４年振荡进行了研究。结果发现：纬向风准两年、准３－４年振荡在热带地区上、下层均一致自西向东传播，但位相相反；在中纬度地区，纬向风准两年、准３－４年振荡上、下层均盛行自西向东传播，且位相一致；西太平洋地区低层纬向风准３－４年振荡均为从南、北半球中纬度地区向赤     

河南省气温变化与北极涛动指数的关系研究

利用连续小波变换和交叉小波变换方法,分析了北极涛动指数和河南省近50多年来月平均气温距平序列的时频变化特征以及两者之间的关系.结果表明:河南省气温和北极涛动都存在着不同时间尺度的周期性变化,且各周期分量的强度不同.北极涛动指数具有2～4 a、8 a左右年际尺度和12～25 a、35 a以上年代际尺度的周期振荡;河南气温存在准2 a、4 a、6～8 a、10～20 a、28 a和35 a以上时间尺度的周期性变化.AO振荡过程影响河南省气温变化的时频结构,且主要表现在年代际时间尺度上.     

南海夏季风爆发与大气对流低频振荡的年际变化

根据1980～1991年云顶黑体温度（TBB）相位和强度的变化确定了南海夏季风爆发的时间,分析研究了夏季风爆发期间TBB场和850hPa风场的变化过程及其与海温的关系。结果表明:南海夏季风爆发平均时间是5月第4候,它爆发的时间和强度有显著的年际变化,并与大气的低频振荡及前期海洋的热力状况有密切关系。南海夏季风爆发早年（4月第6候）,副热带高压较弱,撤离南海较快,从赤道东印度洋到赤道西太平洋,大气对流活动较强,夏季风爆发南海早于孟加拉湾,季风爆发时90～100°E区域过赤道气流显著加强。夏季风爆发晚年（6月第1候）情况相反。南海夏季风爆发早晚与大气30～60天振荡到达南海的位相有关,前冬和早春南海海温的高低和4月中旬至5月中南半岛强对流区的出现时间,是南海夏季风爆发年际变化的前期征兆。根据前冬南海海温预测1998年南海夏季风爆发的时间和强度与实际相符。     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF OROGRAPHIC INFLUENCE ON LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATION

Orographic effects on monthly-and seasonal-scale low frequency oscillation are investiged in terms of a five-level global spectral model with a triangle truncation at wavenumber 10 that contains relatively full physical parameterization, followed by analysis and comparison of the lowpass filtered data separately obtained from models with and without orography. Results show that remarkable seasonal characteristics are displayed in the orographic forcing-generated low frequency wavetrain on monthly and seasonal scales. It is found that the Northern Hemisphere summer orography-produced tropical heating acts as source of the low-frequency wavetrain for both hemispheres. Besides, the simulations indicate that the orographic wavetrain perturbation can give rise to the anomaly in the equatorial zonal flow, whose transient forcing will cause a new wavetrain in the Southern Hemisphere, thus completing the cross-equatorial propagation of the northern wave in interhemispheric action.     

近10年我国降水的QBO分析

近10年来我国东部地区降水分布趋势的年际变化具有QBO特征,双年的降水为中部地区少南北多,单年的降水为中部多南北少,其中江淮流域的降水变化最明显。分析表明,降水QBO的特征与西太平洋副高和冷空气活动有关,一般双年副高偏北、亚洲纬向环流发展,雨带偏北;单年相反,副高偏南、亚洲经向环流发展,雨带偏南,江淮流域降水较多。