The protoliths to the sillimanite gneisses from the Larsemann Hills and geological implication in their formation

The source rock from which the sillimanite gneisses derive mainly was the biotite plagioclase gneiss in the Larsemann Hills. It is the deformation-metamorphism process under special pressure and temperature condition, not the original rock compositions, that controls the presence of sillimanite. To a great degree, the sillimanite gneiss was the mixture of the detaining materials of the migrating felsic melt from the bt-plagioclase gneiss that underwent partial melting and the relics when the melt was removed. In sillimanitization the original rock had been changed substantially in chemical composition. The related metamorphism process severely deviated from the isochemical series, the process was of, therefore, an open system. In addition, the Al2O3 contents of the original rock was an important, but not critical factor for the formation of sillimanite, i.e., the sillimanite-bearing rock need not be of aluminum rich in composition, and vise contrarily, the aluminum rock may not produce sillimanite. The authors of the present paper postulate that the source rock from which the aluminum rich rock derives need not be of aluminum rich, but sillimanitization is generally the Al2O3 increasing process. The aluminum rich sediments such as clay or shale need not correspond directly to sillimanite-rich gneisses. No argillaceous rock present equals to sillimanite-rich gneiss in chemical composition. The protoliths to the sillimanite gneisses from the Larsemann Hills, east Antarctica, and their adjacent area may be pelite, shale greywacke, sub-greywacke, quartz sandstone and quartz-tourmalinite. If correct, the conclusion will be of significant implication for the determination of the sillimanite gneiss formation process and the reconstruction of the protolith setting.     

Relict sand dredging for beach nourishment in the central Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy): effects on benthic assemblages

The aim of this study is to analyse the effects in space and time of relict sand-dredging activities on macrobenthic assemblages, in an area situated offshore Montalto di Castro (central Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), and to analyse the recolonisation processes of macrobenthos in the dredged areas. The area in question is characterised by relict sand deposits (Holocenic paleo-beaches), used for beach nourishment along the Latium coast. The effects of sand extraction on benthic assemblages were investigated before, during and after three dredging operations. The sites analysed are located within the dredged areas (inside stations) and in neighbouring, not dredged, areas (outside stations). The results showed that the impact of sand extraction was confined to the dredged stations and to the areas in proximity to the dredged areas. During dredging activities, the structure of benthic assemblages within the impacted stations was characterised by low species richness and diversity. Both the direct removal of sediment and the re-suspension and consequent deposition of fine sediment affected benthic assemblages of the impacted stations. A few months after the dredgings, a recolonisation process was still observed at all the impacted stations. A gradual recolonisation process was observed at those stations affected by only one dredging, whereas a different recolonisation was observed at those stations affected by two dredgings over time. This study suggests that differences of re-colonisation processes of benthic assemblages are related to the intensity of dredging operations in terms of dredging frequency.     

计算机串口记时延迟的测量与分析

动态测量中,需要记录观测量的观测时刻,时刻作为测量的基本观测量,需要较高的计时精度,通过串口利用计算机计时是一种便捷可行的方法,但串口的时延是必须要考虑的因素。本文介绍了计算机串口计时的原理及影响其时延的相关因素,阐述了进行时延测量的方法,并通过实验对影响串口时延的5种因素进行了相应的测试和分析,实验结果表明,通常情况下串口时延在毫秒级,通过提高计时程序优先级的方法可成功将时延减小至0.35m s以内;低动态条件下串口时延对动态测量的影响较小,在某些检测设备中甚至可以忽略。     

GIS数据质量控制技术在地籍数据库建设中的应用

对GIS数据质量控制技术在地籍数据建库中的应用进行了研究,在地籍数据库建设质量控制实践中综合运用了过程控制法和软件检查法,有效地控制地籍建库各个阶段的精度,保证最终成果满足设计要求。     

Numerical calculation of free-surface potential flow around a ship using the modified Rankine source panel method

A modified Rankine source panel method is presented for solving a linearized free-surface flow problem with respect to the double-body potential. The method of solution is based on the distribution of Rankine sources on the hull as well as its image and on the free surface. An iterative algorithm is used for determining the free surface and wave resistance using upstream finite difference operator. A verification of numerical modeling is made using the Wigley hull and the validity of the computer program is examined by comparing the details of wave profiles and wave making resistance with Series 60 model.     

Seasonality and duration in extreme value distributions of significant wave height

This paper presents a statistical model to characterize the long-term extreme value distribution of significant wave height, conditioning to the duration of the storm and accounting for seasonality. A time-dependent version of the peak over threshold (POT) approach is used to build the model, which is then applied to specific reanalysis time series and NOAA buoy records. The model considers the annual and semiannual cycles which are parameterized in terms of harmonic functions. The inclusion of seasonal variabilities substantially reduces the residuals of the fitted model. The information obtained in this study can be useful to design maritime works, because (a) the model improves the understanding of the variability of extreme wave climate along a year and (b) the model accounts for the duration of the storm, which is a key parameter in several formulations for rubble mound breakwater design.     

巴拿马海道关闭及其古海洋和古气候影响

位于中关洲的巴拿马海道曾是连通赤道东太平洋和大西洋的开放洋流通道。从中新世开始,巴拿马海道在构造运动的驱动下逐步关闭,切断了赤道太平洋和大西洋海水的直接交流。海道的关闭不仅改变了太平洋和大西洋海水的物理性质和洋流模式,还可能对新生代中晚期气候变化,特别是北半球大冰期的开始有重要作用。简要综述了二十余年来围绕巴拿马海道关闭及其古海洋、古气候意义方面的研艽成果和最新研究进展。很多相关的问题目前仍处于激烈的争论之中或尚未得到充分的认识,亟待开展进一步工作。开展相关研究将对促进我国古海洋和古气候研究具有积极意义,并有助于进一步加深我们对于海洋一气候系统的认识。     

Designation of marine protected areas in Belgium: A legal and ecological success?

In Belgium a long process (1999–2005) led to the designation of several marine protected areas (MPAs). In order to analyse the designation process, the ‘policy arrangement approach’ was used as an analytical tool. Attention was given to four dimensions (actors and coalitions, arguments, rules and resources). Particular attention was paid to the switch from an authoritative to a more deliberated policy style in reaction to conflicts with stakeholders. This switch in policy style contributed to a successful legal designation, but does not guarantee the best protection of marine biodiversity. This case study linked science (setting ecological goals) to policy (analysis of a policy process) and led to some more general conclusions on the designation of MPAs and the role of participation in this process.     

我国海岸潟湖卫星遥感分类方法研究

参照Landsat-5TM和HJ-1CCD遥感影像,依据实地踏勘资料及解译经验,分析各种海岸潟湖地貌学成因和发育演变阶段,提出基于潟湖地貌学成因的遥感分类方法。并将我国海岸潟湖划分为滨外坝型、沙坝型、沙嘴型、湾顶坝型、连岛坝型和河口型共6种地貌类型。建立基于发育演变阶段的潟湖遥感分类标准,将海岸潟湖分为青壮年期、老年期和死亡期共3个发育演变过程;结合潟湖在影像中的特征,以近红外、红、绿波段组合后的假彩色影像为例,从色彩、纹理、地物邻接关系等方面建立不同潟湖类型的遥感解译标志;根据所建立的遥感解译标志,对山东省53个海岸潟湖进行遥感分类验证,结果吻合。     

南沙群岛珊湖礁潟湖垂直沉降颗粒物中主要元素的生物地球化学过程研究

本文首次报道用沉积物捕捉器（ＳＴ）研究南沙群岛珊瑚礁湖沉降颗粒物中主要元素垂直通量、垂直转移形态、再循环过程及垂直通量与表层海水温度的关系。结果显示,作为生物化学沉积标志的Ｃａ、Ｍｇ具有最高的垂直通量,达１．４和０．１ｇ／（ｍ２·ｄ）以上,作为生物富集标志的Ｂｒ、Ⅰ也有较高的垂直转移量;垂直转移形态的研究表明Ｎａ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓｒ主要以碳酸盐结合态向海底转移,其中Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓｒ占９９％以上,Ｆｅ、Ｉ、Ｂａ主要以铁锰氧化物结合态向海底输送,在垂直沉降颗粒物到达海底后,有相当部分的主要元素可再循环进入水体中,Ｂｒ、Ｉ、Ｋ、Ａｌ的绝大部分进入再循环,Ｍｇ、Ｎａ、Ｃｌ有一半左右进入再循环,Ｃａ、Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｆｅ大部分被埋葬;Ｎａ等９种元素的垂直转移量随ＳＳＴ呈指数降低响应,对ＳＳＴ的敏感性Ｆｅ＞Ｂｒ＞Ｓｒ＞Ｃａ＞Ｎａ＞Ｃｌ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｉ＞Ａｌ,这再一次验证了ＣａＣＯ３随温度升高,其溶解度降低、化学沉积量增加这一自然界的普遍规律,表明在珊瑚礁海水的垂直沉降颗粒物中主要元素是作为珊瑚的重要成分与ＣａＣＯ３一同被沉积下来的,ＣａＣＯ３起到稀释剂的作用。