Adsorption of cobalt by using inorganic components of sediment samples from water bodies

The adsorption of cobalt ions was evaluated using sediment samples from water bodies to investigate the adsorption properties of sediment and the behavior of these natural materials in the presence of nuclear and industrial waste.The two sediments(S1 and S2)were treated to eliminate humic and fulvic acids and then they were characterized by several techniques.The minerals found in both the sediments(X-ray diffraction)were quartz and albite;plus,goethite and muscovite in S1,and kaolinite and montmorillonite in S2.Point of zero charge(PZC)of S1 and S2 was 6.00 and 5.22,respectively.The specific area of S1(63.3 m²/g)is higher than S2(1.5 m²/g).Adsorption kinetics data for S1 and S2 were best fitted to the pseudo second-order model.The removal efficiency of S1 for cobalt was 96%with an adsorption capacity(qe)of 0.93 mg/g,and for S2 was 45%with a qeof 0.40 mg/g.The experimental data of the adsorption isotherms were adjusted to Langmuir and Freundlich models for S1 and S2,respectively.The thermodynamic parameters(enthalpy,entropy,and Gibb’s free energy)indicated that the adsorption processes were endothermic,spontaneous,and chemisorption mechanism.The results show that the adsorption capacities of the sediments depend on their composition.These water sediments have important adsorption properties for cobalt,and they can be used in the treatment of nuclear and industrial aqueous wastes.     

Estimation of the Land Surface Emissivity in the Hinterland of Taklimakan Desert

An accurate accounting of land surface emissivity(ε) is important both for the retrieval of surface temperatures and the calculation of the longwave surface energy budgets.Since ε is one of the important parameterizations in land surface models(LSMs),accurate accounting also improves the accuracy of surface temperatures and sensible heat fluxes simulated by LSMs.In order to obtain an accurate emissivity,this paper focuses on estimating ε from data collected in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert by two different methods.In the first method,ε was derived from the surface broadband emissivity in the 8–14 μm thermal infrared atmospheric window,which was determined from spectral radiances observed by field measurements using a portable Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,the mean ε being 0.9051.The second method compared the observed and calculated heat fluxes under nearneutral atmospheric stability and estimated ε indirectly by minimizing the root-mean-square difference between them.The result of the second method found a mean value of 0.9042,which is consistent with the result by the first method.Although the two methods recover ε from different field experiments and data,the difference of meanvalues is 0.0009.The first method is superior to the indirect method,and is also more convenient.     

断裂密集带在油运聚成藏中的作用——以三肇凹陷和尚2井区块扶杨油层为例

为研究三肇凹陷和尚2井区块扶杨油层油气成藏规律,采用断裂密集带与油气分布叠合的方法,分析断裂密集带在油气成藏分布中的作用.结果表明:三肇凹陷扶杨油层发育35条断裂密集带,尚2井区块扶杨油层发育9条断裂密集带;油主要分布在断裂密集带两侧,少量分布在断裂密集带内部.断裂密集带对油运移的控制作用表现在2方面:(1)断裂密集带边界断裂为油输导断裂;(2)断裂密集带不利于油横穿其侧向运移,但可沿其侧向运移.断裂密集带对油聚集的控制作用表现在2方面:(1)断裂密集带两侧的地垒和断阶构造是油聚集的有利部位;(2)断裂密集带内部的背形构造也是油聚集的有利部位.     

水牛蹄型深海集矿机履齿设计及牵引性能研究

作为深海采矿系统的重要组成部分,深海集矿机的技术研究和开发一直是许多国家的难题。为了提高深海集矿机在稀软沉积物上的牵引性能,基于水牛蹄的曲面结构特征和特殊几何结构,设计了一款仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿。以该款履齿的结构参数为研究对象,通过对朗肯被动土压力理论的优化,得到了仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿的牵引力解析解,建立了对应的履齿仿生参数对履齿牵引力的影响公式。结合正交试验方法进行了不同形式履齿在沉积物上运动的单、多履齿剪切试验,将仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿与直型履齿、仿水牛蹄轮廓履齿（另一种仿生履齿）进行对比试验,并通过模型车试验验证了该款履齿的可行性。结果表明：3种履齿中,仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿提供的最大牵引力最高。研究可为进一步优化仿水牛蹄蹄型履齿结构参数和提高深海稀软底质机械的牵引性能提供参考依据。     

长江下游南漪湖沉积记录的全新世以来温度变化

了解全新世的温度变化能为理解目前日益突出的全球变暖、评估未来全球气候变化给出重要的参考。在这项研究中,基于长江下游南漪湖沉积岩芯深度为0~450cm中161个样品的brGDGTs代用指标,对过去12.0ka的大气温度进行重建,以进一步深化对全新世温度变化的理解。发现湖泊周边土壤与湖泊沉积物brGDGTs分子组成存在显著差异：土壤以brGDGTs-Ⅰ系列为主,占到总比重的80%以上,计算得的MBT'_5ME平均值为0.81;湖泊表层和柱状沉积物的brGDGTs分子组成更相似,其brGDGT-Ⅰ和brGDGT-Ⅱ分别为43%、48%和62%、35%,对应的MBT'_5ME平均值分别为0.44和0.62,因此认为湖泊沉积物brGDGTs主要为自生来源,进而选用基于MBT'_5ME的湖泊温度经验计算式进行古温度的重建。重建的南漪湖年均大气温度自12.0 ka B.P.以来变化范围为13.8~22.4℃,根据变化趋势,可以分为4个阶段：①阶段,早全新世（约12.0~8.2 ka B.P.）,温度变化范围为15.1~20.6℃,属低温阶段;②阶段,中全新世（约8.2~6.0 ka B.P.）,温度为16.8~20.0℃,为稳定高温阶段;③阶段,中晚全新世（约6.0~3.0 ka B.P.）,温度为13.8~19.4℃,快速降温阶段;④阶段,晚全新世（约3.0 ka B.P.以来）,温度在17.4~22.4℃,快速升温阶段。通过对比其他古气候记录,可以得到以下结论：长江下游地区在约12.0~8.2 ka B.P.时期温度变化主要受高纬度冰川残留的影响,为低温时期;在约8.2~6.0 ka B.P.时期的温度变化主要受到较强的太阳辐射量控制,属稳定高温期,对应全新世大暖期;约6.0 ka B.P.后,温度受到6.0~3.0 ka B.P.中低纬度冷事件以及上升温室气体辐射强迫共同影响,呈现先降后升的"V"型变化趋势。本研究表明长江下游地区自12.0 ka B.P.以来温度变化主要受全球温度变化控制,自晚全新世以来温室气体辐射强迫是影响其温度变化的主要因素。

     

黄土沉积物原生组分磁化率与风力的物质分选

本研究选取我国西北地区典型荒漠表土和黄土-古土壤序列样品为研究对象,探讨黄土沉积物及其潜在物源区表土的原生磁性矿物浓度在不同粒级间的变化规律、黄土剖面中粒度与磁化率的关系,以验证中国黄土沉积物中磁性组分在搬运过程中是否存在分选作用及其变化规律。来自西北地区表土的地质证据表明,磁性组分主要集中于>63 μm和31~63 μm粒径组分,并以后者的含量最高;与之相对应,黄土沉积中原生磁性组分主要集中于31~63 μm粒径组分,但>63 μm粒径组分不再是主要载磁组分,其磁性显著低于31~63 μm粒径组分。同时,多个剖面的证据表明黄土沉积的原生磁化率与31~63 μm粒径组分的含量是同相位变化的,进一步支持沉积物中原生组分的磁化率受到风动力的分选作用影响。需要强调的是,沉积物原生磁化率的主要载磁粒径组分为31~63 μm的颗粒物,而并非最粗粒组分。本研究结果暗示,相较于沉积物的全样粒度,干旱半干旱地区风成沉积的磁化率在指示古风场强度方面具有潜力。

     

天然气水合物储层岩心保压转移与测试进展

掌握天然气水合物储层基础物性演化特征对提升天然气水合物资源勘查与试采综合实力具有重要意义。目前,天然气水合物储层基础物性模拟实验和测试仍然以人工制备的天然气水合物岩心样品为主,导致测试结果和模拟实验认识与天然气水合物资源勘查试采工程需求仍有一定的差距,亟需原位准原位物性测试数据进行对比校正。天然气水合物储层保压取心及其后续岩心保压转移与测试是积累准原位物性测试数据的有力手段。聚焦天然气水合物储层保压取心之后的岩心保压转移与测试,全面综述了国内外现有的天然气水合物储层岩心保压转移与测试系统的优缺点,深入分析了天然气水合物储层岩心保压转移与测试获得的基础性认识;综述国内天然气水合物储层保压取心系统研发现状,梳理与之配套的岩心保压转移与测试系统研发现状及其面临的挑战;针对面临的挑战,为发展中国海域天然气水合物储层保压转移与测试技术装备研发自主能力提出了建议。     

Sediment transfer in an extremely low-gradient,low-relief and highly buffered system: Darwin Harbour catchment,northern Australia

Abstract

Sediment yields from and sediment transfer within catchments of very low relief and gradient, which make up about 50% of Earth’s surface, are poorly documented and their internal sediment dynamics are poorly known. Sediment sources, their proportionate contributions to valley floors and sediment yield, and storage are estimated using fallout radionuclides ²¹⁰Pb_(ex) and ¹³⁷Cs in the catchments that drain into Darwin Harbour, northern Australia, an example of this understudied catchment type that appears to be globally at the extreme end of this category of catchments. Unchannelled grassy valley floors (dambos, or seasonal wetlands) trap ～90% of the sediment delivered from hillslopes by sheet and rill erosion. Further down valley, small channels transport ～10% of the sediment that escapes from the dambos, and the remaining sediment comes from erosion of the channels. In this case, the fractional sediment storage is very high as a result of the existence of dambos, a landform that depends for its existence on low gradients.     

基于贝叶斯模型的中国未来气温变化预估及不确定性分析

利用第5次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)中35个全球气候模式历史模拟与RCP4.5预估结果,通过贝叶斯模型平均(Bayesian Model Averaging,BMA)对中国气温进行多模式集合研究,给出了中国未来气温变化预估及其不确定性的时空分布。结果表明,中国21世纪冬夏将持续升温,且升温具有冬季高于夏季,北方高于南方的特点。初期(2016—2035年)北方有很大可能(80%)升温超过0.7℃,南方升温相同幅度的概率则超过50%;中期(2046—2065年)北方和南方升温超过1.5℃的概率分别为80%和50%;末期(2081—2100年),北方(南方)有80%(50%)的可能的升温超过2℃。气温预估的不确定性研究发现,无论冬夏,21世纪不同时期升温相对较弱的塔里木盆地、青藏高原南侧和中国东南地区为不确定性低值区,基本低于0.6℃,对应可信度较高,如21世纪初期信噪比超过4;而不确定性的高值区则主要分布在新疆北部、东北平原北部和青藏高原东南侧等升温相对较大的地区,普遍高于1℃,对应可信度较低,如初期信噪比低于2.5。此外,基于信噪比对比发现除青藏高原东部外,其他区域夏季预估的可信度均高于冬季,21世纪末期高于初期,且空间分布特征一致。     

Heterogeneous surface displacement pattern at the Hatchobaru geothermal field inferred from SAR interferometry time-series

We estimated surface displacements using persistent scatterer SAR interferometry (PS-InSAR) around the Hatchobaru geothermal field, Japan, from 18 ALOS/PALSAR images acquired from July 2007 to December 2010. Generally, geothermal fields, covered with natural targets such as rocky terrain and vegetation, have been one of the difficult targets for PS-InSAR analysis. However, we applied space adaptive filtering to increase the number of pixels for measuring surface displacement. The results of our analysis demonstrate ground subsidence with decaying velocity over the observation period around the geothermal field. The spatial pattern of ground subsidence includes sharp boundaries of subsidence that can be interpreted as fault traces. We demonstrated the usefulness of PS-InSAR analysis with the space adaptive filtering to estimate surface displacements with high spatial resolution and high spatial density around a geothermal field.