近200 a来云南阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性及稳定性变化

云南省拥有丰富的生物多样性,其生态系统稳定性对于发挥生态系统服务功能十分重要,但近几十年以来的人类活动以及气候变化带来的干扰削弱了该区域的生态系统功能.本文以阳宗海为研究对象,探讨了1820s—2006年间人类活动背景下摇蚊群落多样性和稳定性的变化过程,并进一步探讨阳宗海摇蚊群落多样性与稳定性之间的关系.利用沉积物中的营养指标(总有机碳(TOC)含量、总氮(TN)含量和TOC/TN摩尔比)及摇蚊分别重建了湖泊营养变化及摇蚊群落物种丰富度、均匀度、相似度和稳定性(ar1),利用PCA第1轴代表摇蚊群落以检测突变点.研究发现摇蚊群落组成与湖泊营养变化有较好的一致性,二者在1990年左右发生突变,物种丰富度、均匀度和相似度指数分别在1950s、1990s初以及1970s初升高,说明摇蚊群落组成逐渐多样化,种属分布更加均匀.通过检测发现摇蚊群落稳定性在1960s初开始降低,比湖泊系统突变提前30 a左右.摇蚊群落的物种丰富度、均匀度以及稳定性指标伴随着湖泊外源营养物质输入比例增加而升高,群落多样性与稳定性之间的相关性分析表明群落稳定性随物种丰富度的升高而降低.     

基于机载LiDAR点云数据构建复杂山区高精度DEM方法研究

为解决大范围复杂山区DEM生产困难的问题,提出利用机载LiDAR点云数据构建DEM.本文对机载LiDAR数据处理流程及其在复杂山区的具体应用进行分析,主要利用LiDAR数据处理软件对点云数据进行内业DEM生产并编辑最终得到符合项目要求的数字高程模型数据,结果证明该方法可行.     

四川地震应急准备与处置要点分析

本文结合四川省域内的地震活动、自然地理环境、社会经济条件3方面因素把四川省划分为东部盆地及盆缘地区、西部高山高原和川西南山地3个地震应急分区,分析各区域地震应急准备与处置的主要背景要素,总结并给出了四川各区域地震应急准备与处置要点。依据各区域地震应急准备与处置要点开展地震应急准备与处置相关工作,可使其具有针对性,有利于增强四川地区应对地震灾害的能力。     

Field observations of the vertical distribution of sand transport characteristics over fine,medium and coarse sand surfaces

The vertical distribution of sand transport characteristics is an important issue in aeolian research. Surface characteristics affect sand transport processes, but their effects are not yet fully understood. To provide more data on this subject, we observed sand transport in 16 field experiments above surfaces covered by fine, medium and coarse sand. The sand transport rate over relatively coarser‐grained medium and coarse surfaces could be expressed as a Gaussian peak function: q _z = a + b exp (?0.5[(|z – C _h|)/d ]^e), where q _z is the measured sediment transport at height z above the bed and a , b , C _h, d , and e are regression coefficients. The measured sand transport flux peak values (H _h) were linearly related to C _h, and both values were significantly related to the mean surface grain size. However, for the relatively finer‐grained medium and fine sand surfaces, the sediment transport could be expressed as an exponential function. The cumulative sand transport below 0.1 m was directly related to the mean surface grain size, and the relationship could be expressed as the following exponential function: C _z = f + g exp –M _z/i , where C _z is the cumulative sand transport at height z above the bed, M _z is the mean grain size and f , g , and i are regression coefficients. Above 0.1 m, there were no significant relationships between the cumulative sand transport and the mean surface grain size. The mean grain size decreased with increasing height below the peak height and then increased with increasing height. The surface grain size distribution and proportions of the particles in different grain size categories controlled the mean grain size as a function of height. The observed changes in the sand transport rate and grain size with height will provide support for sand disaster mitigation, numerical modelling and studies of dune formation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Subaerial gravel size measurement using topographic data derived from a UAV‐SfM approach

Accurate and reliable methods for quantifying grain size are important for river science, management and in various other sedimentological settings. Remote sensing offers methods of quantifying grain size, typically providing; (a) coarse outputs (c. 1 m) at the catchment scale where individual grains are at subpixel level, or; (b) fine resolution outputs (c. 1 mm) at the patch scale. Recently, approaches using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have started to fill the gap between these scales, providing hyperspatial resolution data (< 10 cm) over reaches a few hundred metres in length, where individual grains are at suprapixel level. This ‘mesoscale’ is critical to habitat assessments. Most existing UAV‐based approaches use two‐dimensional (2D) textural variables to predict grain size. Validation of results is largely absent however, despite significant differences in platform stability and image quality obtained by manned aircraft versus UAVs. Here, we provide the first quantitative assessment of the accuracy and precision of grain size estimates produced from a 2D image texture approach. Furthermore, we present a new method which predicts subaerial gravel size using three‐dimensional (3D) topographic data derived from UAV imagery. Data is collected from a small gravel‐bed river in Cumbria, UK. Results indicate that our new topographic method gives more accurate measures of grain size (mean residual error ‐0.0001 m). Better results for the image texture method may be precluded by our choice of texture measure, the scale of analysis or the effects of image blur resulting from an inadequate camera gimbal. We suggest that at our scale of assessment, grain size is more strongly related to 3D variation in elevation than to the 2D textural patterns expressed within the imagery. With on‐going improvements, our novel method has potential as the first grain size quantification approach where a trade‐off between coverage and resolution is not necessary or inherent. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川滇地区地震活动与地球自转速率变化之间的关系

利用川滇地区1962—2016年间发生的MS≥6.0地震资料,在去除余震的情况下,分析了其发生与地球自转速率变化极值点之间的关系。得到以下结果:川滇地区MS≥6.0地震的发生与地球自转速率变化极值点具有显著关系,对于不同震级范围的地震,其与不同周期的地球自转速率变化有关。对于MS≥7.0的地震,有90%发生在地球自转速率季节性变化极值点前14天至后37天时间段内;对于6.0≤MS≤6.4的地震,有80%发生在地球自转速率短周期变化极值点前68小时至后30小时的时间段内;对于6.5≤MS≤6.9的地震,有87.5%发生在地球自转速率短周期变化极值点前36小时至后64小时的时间段内。地震发生在特定时间段的显著性检验结果表明,川滇地区MS≥6.0地震与地球自转速率变化极值点的关系都可以在α=0.05的显著性水平下通过显著性检验。这个结果表明,在地球自转速率发生转折的期间容易触发地震,对川滇地区地震发生时间预测具有参考意义。     

Combined effect of climate change and human activities on the hydrological processes of an urban river: case study of the Xiaoqing River,China

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to reveal statistical characteristics and exceedance probability of discharge under the combined effect of climate change and human activities. The study is conducted in the Xiaoqing River in Jinan, China, based on data of discharge, land-use types and precipitation from the period 1970–2016. A multivariate joint probability distribution of the data is established to test the univariable, bivariable and trivariable change points. These are then used to calculate and analyse the risk probability of discharge exceeding the specific values under different conditions of precipitation and land-use type. The results show that the change point calculated by trivariate joint distribution can reduce the disturbance of the change point obtained with the univariable or bivariable approach and reflect the changes of various factors in the hydrological processes more objectively. When the land-use type is taken into consideration, the trivariate distribution can reflect the variation of hydrological processes more reasonably.     

小浪底水库“腾库迎洪”期异重流形成分析

小浪底水库异重流的形成与运行规律是关系黄河调水调沙方案拟定的重要指标。基于现场调研、理论探讨与预测分析结合等手段,明晰了2018年“腾库迎洪”期小浪底水库来水来沙过程,根据水库调度与库区淤积形态等边界条件,观测了异重流的形成与运行,采用基于流速分布的水库异重流潜入点预测公式进行了计算分析。结果表明:2018年7月库区产生的剧烈冲刷,在潜入点处发生大量淤积,水深大幅减小,引起潜入点下移;潜入点位置随入库水沙增大、坝前水位降低及库区淤积的推进向坝前移动,计算与实测结果反映了该变化过程。     

Statistical functions used for spatial modelling due to assessment of landslide distribution and landscape-interaction factors in Iran

Landslides influence the capacity for safe and sustainable development of mountainous environments.This study explores the spatial distribution of and the interactions between landslides that are mapped using global positioning system(GPS) and extensive field surveys in Mazandaran Province,Iran.Point-pattern assessment is undertaken using several univariate summary statistical functions,including pair correlation,spherical-contact distribution,nearest-neighbor analysis,and O-ring analysis,as well as bivariate summary statistics,and a markcorrelation function.The maximum entropy method was applied to prioritize the factors controlling the incidence of landslides and the landslides susceptibility map.The validation processes were considered for separated 30%data applying the ROC curves,fourfold plot,and Cohen's kappa index.The results show that pair correlation and O-ring analyses satisfactorily predicted landslides at scales from 1 to 150 m.At smaller scales,from 150 to 400 m,landslides were randomly distributed.The nearest-neighbor distribution function show that the highest distance to the nearest landslide occurred in the 355 m.The spherical-contact distribution revealed that the patterns were random up to a spatial scale of 80 m.The bivariate correlation functions revealed that landslides were positively linked to several linear features(including faults,roads,and rivers) at all spatial scales.The mark-correlation function showed that aggregated fields of landslides were positively correlated with measures of land use,lithology,drainage density,plan curvature,and aspect,when the numbers of landslides in the groups were greater than the overall average aggregation.The results of analysis of factor importance have showed that elevation(topography map scale:1:25,000),distance to roads,and distance to rivers are the most important factors in the occurrence of landslides.The susceptibility model of landslides indicates an excellent accuracy,i.e.,the AUC value of landslides was 0.860.The susceptibility map of landslides analyzed has shown that 35% of the area is low susceptible to landslides.     

A geotechnical correction for post-depositional sediment compression: examples from the Forth valley,Scotland

Fine-grained sediments usually suffer post-depositional compression (compaction), which reduces bed thickness and lowers the elevations of sample positions and marker horizons. This reduction has been calculated for two general cases using geotechnical theory, and a correction (decompaction factor) is presented that can be applied to many field situations. Its use is illustrated by two examples from the clay sediments of the Claret Formation of the Forth valley. In the first, the correction is calculated for ¹⁴C samples from the Bothkennar research site near Grangemouth, and the effect on the reconstruction of water depths is discussed. In the second example, corrections are obtained for published sea-level index points from former shorelines in the Forth valley, using a method for a postiori estimation of geotechnical data. General conclusions are drawn between the size of the correction and the sample position relative to the local depocentre. Some applications to palaeotidal modelling are also suggested. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.