Holocene cool‐water carbonate and terrigenous sediments from southern Spencer Gulf,South Australia

Holocene sediments from southern Spencer Gulf are cool‐water carbonate‐rich gravels and sands, dominated by molluscs and Bryozoa. Five sedimentary fades are recognized: (i) molluscan gravel; (ii) branching coralline‐algal gravel, associated with shallow partially protected environments; (iii) molluscan‐biyozoan sand; (iv) mixed bioclastic sand, representative of the deeper central region of the lower gulf; and (v) bryozoan gravel, an isolated fades developed in a semi‐protected micro‐environment. The southern gulf is characterized by complex oceanographic conditions together with variations in water depth and substrate. The sediments share the characteristics of both the southern shelf and upper Spencer Gulf. Grain‐size distribution and sedimentary facies are controlled by a combination of all the above processes. Past sea level fluctuations are recognized from sea floor strand‐line deposits. The relic component of the palimpsest sediments has eroded from the Pleistocene aeolianite dunes. The sediments, therefore, reflect both the modern marine and past environments.     

从孢粉、藻类研究看马桥先人的生活环境

马桥遗址经多次发掘,取得了很多成果。本次采集了2005年发掘的05MMT4探方样品,进行孢粉、藻类研究。根据孢粉、藻类成分特征,划分出了3个孢粉组合带,它们分别是:1带是以Quercus(evergreen)-Gramineae-Typha-Pi-nus-Polypodiaceae-Concentricystes为主孢粉带;2带是以Concentricystes-Quercus(evergreen)-Salvinia-Polypodiace-ae-Typha-Gramineae为主孢粉带;3带是以Pinus-Salix-Quercus(evergreen)-Chenopodiaceae-Pteridium-Polyp-odiaceae-Concentricystes为主孢粉带,并以此恢复了当时古植被和古地理环境。且对马桥先人的生活环境、农耕发展作了探讨,为上海地区文化发展及文明化进程提供了新资料。     

玉米冠层反射率及净辐射的估算

在1994~1996年3年田间试验的基础上,根据玉米生长状况及其冠层特征,选取包括植株高度、平均叶面积密度、农田覆被率等植物特征量组成的植物参数——综合植被系数来描述玉米冠层状况,并以此为因子来估算玉米冠层的反射率和净辐射,取得了良好的结果。     

建筑群对城市冠层动力、热力效应的数值试验研究

利用中尺度模式MM5,分别耦合传统的边界层参数化方案和城市冠层参数化方案,模拟了2001年冬季北京冠层大气的动力、热力特征,并和观测资料进行了对比分析.分析结果表明,城市冠层参数化方案更能细致描述建筑群对城市冠层大气的动力、热力作用.由于建筑群的动力、热力作用,使北京城区的温度升高,风速减小,湍流动能增强,形成了明显的增温区、阻风区和湍能增强区,中心均位于城区高大建筑群附近,并向郊区递减.     

A Lagrangian stochastic model for the trajectories of particle pairs and its application to the prediction of concentration variance within plant canopies

A simple Lagrangian stochastic model for the trajectories of particle pairs in high Reynolds-number turbulent flows is presented. In this model, the velocities of particle pairs are initially correlated but subsequently each particle moves independently. The independent single-particle trajectories are simulated using Thomson's model [J. Fluid Mech. 180, 529–556, 1987]. This two-particle model exactly satisfies the well-mixed condition for Gaussian turbulence when length scales, characterizing the two-point Eulerian velocity correlation function, vanish. Temperature variances, due to heat released as a passive scalar from an elevated plane source, within a model plant canopy (Coppin et al. Boundary Layer Meteorol. 35, 167–191, 1986) are shown to be well predicted by the model. It is suggested that for strongly inhomogeneous flows, the two-point Eulerian velocity function is of secondary importance in determining the simulated trajectories of particle pairs compared to the importance of ensuring satisfaction of the two-to-one constraint (Borgas and Sawford. J. Fluid Mech. 279, 69–99, 1994); i.e ensuring that one-particle statistics obtained from the two-particle model are the same as those obtained from the corresponding one-particle model. Limitations of this modelling approach are discussed.     

西双版纳热带次生林林窗辐射特征初步研究

利用西双版纳不同季节热带次生林林窗、林内及旷地不同波长太阳辐射的实测资料,比较分析了热带次生林窗不同波长辐射特征。分析得出：热带次生林窗中央与北侧林冠下的不同波长太阳辐射量值在中午前后迅速达到最大后又急速下降的现象明显;林窗内不同波长太阳辐射日总量值均大于林内,小于旷地;林窗中央和北侧林冠下相比较。一般是北侧林冠下的各辐射要素总量值高于林窗中央;林窗区域的总辐射日总量在干热季最高,雨季和雨季后期次之,雾凉季时最小;林窗中央和北侧林冠下的红外辐射及可见光在总辐射中所占份额随季节的变化而不同,充分显示了林窗辐射环境的异质性;与旷地和林内相比,林窗内各测点的红外辐射在总辐射中所占份额高于旷地却低于林内,而可见光占总辐射的比值情况正好相反。     

Verification of net primary production estimation method in the Mongolian Plateau using landsat ETM+data

We plan to estimate global net primary production (NPP) of vegetation using the Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II) Global Imager (GLI) multi-spectral data. We derive an NPP estimation algorithm from ground measurement data on temperate plants in Japan. By the algorithm, we estimate NPP using a vegetation index based on pattern decomposition (VIPD) for the Mongolian Plateau. The VIPD is derived from Landsat ETM+multi-spectral data, and the resulting NPP estimation is compared with ground data measured in a semi-arid area of Mongolia. The NPP estimation derived from satellite remote sensing data agrees with the ground measurement data within the error range of 15% when all above-ground vegetation NPP is calculated for different vegetation classifications.     

Photosynthesis-transpiration coupling model at canopy scale in terrestrial ecosystem

At the hypothesis of big leaf, an ecosystem photosynthesis-transpiration coupling cycle model was established by the scaled SMPT-SB model from single leaf to canopy, and model parameterization methods were discussed. Through simulating the canopy light distribution, canopy internal conductance to CO2 can be scaled from single leaf to canopy by integrating to canopy using the relationship between single internal conductance and photosynthetic photon flux density. Using the data observed by eddy covariance method from the Changbai Mountains site of ChinaFLUX, the application of the model at the canopy scale was examined. Under no water stress, the simulated net ecosystem photosynthesis rate fitted with the observed data very well, the slope and R2 of the line regression equation of the observed and simulated values were 0.7977 and 0.8892, respectively (n = 752), and average absolute error was 3.78 μmol CO2 m-2s-1; the slope, R2 and average absolute error of transpiration rate were 0.7314, 0.4355 and 1.60mmol H2O m-2 s-1, respectively (n = 752). The relationship between canopy photosynthesis,transpiration and external environmental conditions was discussed by treating the canopy as a whole and neglecting the comprehensive feedback mechanism within canopy, and it was noted that the precipitation course affected the transpiration rate simulation badly. Compared to the models based on eco-physiological processes, the SMPT-SB model was simple and easy to be used. And it can be used as a basic carbon and water coupling model of soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.