On the lag time between internal strain and basement involved thrust induced exhumation: The case of the Colombian Eastern Cordillera

Thrust sheets accumulate internal strain before they start moving along discrete fault planes. However, there are no previous studies evaluating the time difference between initiation of strain and fault displacement. In this paper we use observations from the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia to evaluate this interval. We utilize multiple thermochronometers and paleothermometers to refine the timing of deformation. Based on these new data we build time-temperature path estimates that together with geometric outcrop-based structural analysis and fluid inclusions allow us to assign relative timing to features associated with strain, such as cleavage, veins and certain types of fractures, and compare that with the timing of thrusting. We find that cleavage was only formed close to maximum paleotemperatures, almost coeval with the onset of thrust-induced denudation by the Late Oligocene. The corresponding structural level of fold-related veins suggest that they were formed later but still when the country rocks were at temperatures higher than 160 °C, mostly during the Early Miocene and still coexisted with the latest stages of cleavage formation. Our data show that the main period of strain hardening was short (probably a few million years) and occurred before first-order basement thrusting was dominant, but was associated with second-order folding.     

Deformation temperatures and flow vorticities near the base of the Greater Himalayan Series,Sutlej Valley and Shimla Klippe,NW India

We report new deformation temperature and flow vorticity data from the base of the Greater Himalayan Series (GHS) exposed in the Sutlej Valley and Shimla Klippe of NW India. We focus on three groups of transects across the hanging wall of the Main Central Thrust (MCT). In order of relative foreland – hinterland positions, they are the Shimla Klippe, Western and Eastern Sutlej transects. Deformation temperatures indicated by quartz c-axis fabric opening-angles increase both from foreland to hinterland at a given structural distance above the MCT and up structural section from the MCT within individual transects. Deformation temperatures in the immediate hanging wall to the MCT are estimated at ∼510–535, 535–550 and 610 °C on the Shimla, Western Sutlej and Eastern Sutlej transects, respectively. The steepest inferred field gradients in deformation temperatures are recorded adjacent to the MCT and progressively decrease up structural section following a power law relationship. Comparison with temperature estimates based on multi-mineral phase equilibria data suggests that penetrative shearing occurred at close to peak metamorphic conditions. Vorticity analyses indicate that shearing along the base of the GHS occurred under sub-simple shear conditions (Wm values of 0.9–1.0) with a minor component of pure shear.     

Reliability analysis of strength of cement treated soils

The design strength of cement treated soils and its variability are influenced by various contributing factors such as inherent variability of the soft ground as well as variations in the quantities of the additives used for improvement. To consider these variations, geotechnical designs use the factor of safety approach. This paper shows that the reliability-based analysis enables a rational choice of a design strength value for the cement-stabilised soft soil, considering the variations in the influencing input parameters in an appropriate manner. An approach for identifying the important variables governing the strength behaviour of improved soft soils is also illustrated.     

孕震系统宏观层次的单元体应力水平群体涨落模型

孕震系统是一个开放的复杂巨统统，系统具有层次结构。因此应分层次建立孕震系统的力学模型。作者从地球整体现出发，提出了单元体应力水平群体涨落模型，该模型为孕震系统宏观层次上的力学模型。这一模型可以作为几个地震带或几个地块内，地震活动频度、相关转移、时空分布及各类定点观测手段异常台项数群体涨落、时空转移、震后异常等研究的物理基础。     

膨胀土斜坡地基路堤失稳破坏有限元极限分析

膨胀土斜坡地基上进行路堤填筑时,由于膨胀土层遇水后强度极度降低,极易形成软弱夹层,造成路堤沿坡体倾斜方向整体滑动甚至垮塌。采用有限元极限分析方法对一般斜坡地基上路堤和易于产生软弱夹层的膨胀土斜坡地基路堤进行稳定性分析。结果表明：采用有限元强度折减法,不需任何假设,即能得出路堤的稳定安全系数和滑动面,是进行膨胀土斜坡地基上路堤稳定性评价的有效方法,适于在复杂地质条件下路堤稳定性分析中推广应用。     

Dike propagation within active central volcanic edifices: constraints from Somma-Vesuvius,Etna and analogue models

Dikes within stratovolcanoes are commonly expected to have radial patterns. However, other patterns may also be found, due to regional stresses, magmatic reservoirs and topographic variations. Here, we investigate dike patterns within volcanic edifices by studying dike and fissure complexes at Somma-Vesuvius and Etna (Italy) using analogue models. At the surface, the dikes and fissures show a radial configuration. At depths of tens to several hundreds of metres, in areas exposed by erosion, tangential and oblique dikes are also present. Analogue models indicate that dikes approaching the flanks of cones, regardless of their initial orientation, reorient to become radial (parallel to the maximum gravitational stress). This re-orientation is a significant process in shallow magma migration and may also control the emplacement of dike-fed fissures reaching the lower slopes of the volcano.     

使用因子分析方法研究吉林前郭地震前的地震活动异常

本文用2006年吉林前郭MS5.0级地震前后震中附近的地震资料,选择反映地震活动时、空、强特征的地震频次N（ML≥3.0）、b值、η值、A（b）值、Mf值、Ac值、C值和D值8个参量进行因子分析。这些参量之间有一定的相关性,各参量在不同时段的变化各有所异,预报效果并不理想。根据因子分析得到反映地震活动时、空、强特征的综合指标Wfa值,该指标在前郭MS5.0级地震前出现明显异常变化,表明综合指标Wfa值可以较好地反映地震活动的异常特征。     

华北地区光合有效辐射的计算方法研究

2004年9月—2006年10月,选择华北地区的4个观测站开展了太阳辐射（光合有效辐射PAR、可见光辐射VIS、总辐射Q等）、气象参数等的综合测量,得到了PAR、VIS等的变化特征,结果表明：PAR/Q、VIS/Q、PAR/VIS相对稳定,有明显的日、逐日和季节变化,并受到水汽、散射因子、云等因素的影响。2004—2006年禹城、栾城、香河、兴隆地区VIS/Q,PAR/Q和PAR/VIS的平均值分别为0.39,1.95 mol/MJ和4.97 mol/MJ;0.39,1.94 mol/MJ和4.95 mol/MJ;0.43,2.16 mol/MJ和4.97 mol/MJ;0.42,2.03 mol/MJ和4.89 mol/MJ。建立了计算华北地区实际天气PAR、VIS小时累计值的经验公式及PAR与VIS转换关系式,计算值与观测值符合得都比较好。考虑水汽和散射因子时,PAR、VIS计算值与观测值的相对偏差分别为13.0%、12.4%。由于某些站点可能缺少直接或散射辐射,也可以只考虑水汽因子,此时,PAR、VIS的相对偏差分别为13.2%、12.8%。对于PAR、VIS的传输和计算来说,水汽因子的作用最为重要;散射因子的作用虽弱于水汽因子,但也不应该忽视。