Chemocline instability and isotope variations of the Ediacaran Doushantuo basin in South China

Stable isotope analyses in sections across a shelf to basinal transect of the Ediacaran Doushantuo basin show substantial isotope variabilities. In Songlin section where sediments were deposited in an intrashelf basin, δ 13C values are persistently negative (_3‰ to _5‰, VPDB) through the entire Doushantuo Formation, similar to those obtained from the slope section in Wuhe (_5‰ to _10‰, VPDB). Shallow water sections in Weng'an and Duoding show two broad δ 13C anomalies overprinted with significant meter-scale variations, but none of the curves has similar absolute δ 13C values compared to the Yangtze Gorges areas in South China and other sections globally. Such isotope variations, if partially recording ancient seawater signature, imply spatial and temporal chemocline instability in the Doushantuo basin. In combination with available δ 13C records from other Ediacaran successions globally, the data from the Doushantuo basin are consistent, in first order, with the existence and oxidation of a large dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoir in Ediacaran oceans, but imply local environmental controls on Neoproterozoic isotope values and call attentions for using δ 13C anomalies as time lines in stratigraphic correlation.     

大兴安岭北部森林生态系统大型土壤动物群落特征

对大兴安岭北部7个代表性森林群落进行了系统调查,总共获取大型土壤动物67类、6729只,隶属于4门7纲18目51科。其中,优势类群1类,常见类群10类,稀有类群56类。寒温带森林土壤动物生物量最大的类群为线蚓和蚯蚓,而温带森林土壤动物生物量最大的类群以蚯蚓为主。不同群落土壤动物的种类组成差异很大,通常群落的生境条件越优越,土壤动物的个体数量、种类越多。不同群落间个体数量、种类及生物量三者总的分布规律不完全一致,表现出生物群落组成特征的复杂性。各群落土壤动物多样性指数排序为:Ⅰ＞Ⅳ＞Ⅶ＞Ⅴ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅵ。土壤动物的个体数量、种类、生物量及多样性指数具有较明显的季节变化。     

Dynamics of microphytobenthic biomass in a coastal area of western Seto Inland Sea, Japan

This study focused on the causes of the variation in microphytobenthic biomass and the effects of this variation on macrobenthic animals in the western Seto Inland Sea, Japan, where the importance of microphytobenthos as the primary food source for benthic animals has been recently reported. We investigated the microphytobenthic biomass together with light attenuation of seawater, phytoplanktonic biomass, macrobenthic density and biomass at eight stations (water depth = 5–15 m) during four cruises in 1999–2000. The increased light attenuation coefficient of the water column associated with increased concentration of the phytoplanktonic Chl-a caused a decrease in light flux that reached the seafloor. The biomass of the microphytobenthos within the upper 1 cm of the sediment, 1.9–46.5 mg Chl-a m⁻², was inversely correlated with the phytoplanktonic biomass in the overlying water column, 10.9–65.0 mg Chl-a m⁻². Thus, interception of light by phytoplankton is considered to be a main cause of the variation in the microphytobenthic biomass. The microphytobenthos biomass showed a significant positive correlation with the macrobenthic density (78–9369 ind. m⁻²) and biomass (0.4–78.8 gWW m⁻²). It appears that the increase in oxygen production by the microphytobenthos allowed macrobenthic animals to become more abundant, as a consequence of oxygenation of the organically enriched muddy sediments (14.5 ± 2.69 mg TOC g⁻¹). This study suggests that the variation in the microphytobenthic biomass is influenced by the phytoplanktonic biomass due to shading effect, and the balance between these two functional groups might affect the variability in the macrobenthic density and biomass.     

外源凝集素──水产动物御敌的有力兵器

外源凝集素是非免疫起源的热敏蛋白质或糖蛋白，由于其多价构型及对持定细胞多糖具结合亲和力，它们选择凝集某些细胞（包括脊椎动物血球及一些病原微生物）和沉淀某些复杂碳水化合物；其凝集活动常被单糖所抑制，有的却需某些二糖、三糖或多糖。外源凝集素分离自广泛的低等和较高等的生物。一些地区水产养殖业受挫，因素较多，但对发病机理认识之缺乏和调动养殖对象本身防病积极性之不足，是其重要原因。外源凝集素可在诸如凝集外来细胞，调理作用等的防御活动中扮演识别因子，协助一些生理活性物发挥作用，参与吞噬、胞囊、凝固、止血及创伤修复等作用。在生物学、细胞学、生物化学、医学和食品科技上有广泛用途。迄今外源凝集素的许多性能并未全清，在自然界中的精细生理作用仍是个谜。本文论述外源凝集素的定义、性能及用途，以提请有关人士重视。     

水产养殖病害及其药物控制与水产品安全

针对目前我国水产养殖过程中对发生的病害多采用药物控制极易造成因药物使用不当或盲目用药等原因，使细菌产生耐药性、水产品中出现药物残留、养殖环境不断恶化的同时，最终会影响食品安全的现状。从常见病毒病、细菌病，以及寄生虫病等论述开展对药物残留毒性研究，重视专用渔药研制、加强用药指导，减少用药盲目性等工作的重要性。     

活性多糖对水产动物免疫功能的调节

活性多糖是一种免疫增强剂，它能增强水产动物的非特异性免疫功能，提高机体抗病能力，而且具有无药物残留、无污染以及病原菌不产生抗药性等优点。本文按照多糖的来源及组成对其进行了分类，并且着重综述了活性多糖的免疫作用机理、活性多糖对水产动物的免疫功能的调节以及抗应激作用。在实际应用中活性多糖的活性受其剂量、作用时效、分子结构和给予方式等因素的影响，本文对此也进行了讨论，以期为该领域的研究工作与水产动物的健康养殖提供一些参考。     

国外海洋抗肿瘤活性物质的研究与开发

海洋生物是抗肿瘤活性物质的重要来源。近十几年来，已从不同的海洋生物中分离鉴定了许多结构新颖的抗肿瘤活性物质，显示出诱人的研究开发前景。本文综述了目前国外从海洋动物、海洋植物和海洋微生物抗肿瘤活性物质的研究开发进展。     

5种水产动物血红细胞形态显微观察比较及进化分析

采用Hemacolor染料对泥蚶（Tegillarca granosa）、毛蚶（Scapharca subcrenata）、鲫鱼（Carassiusauranus）、牛蛙（Rana catesbeiana）、中华鳖（Pelodiscus sinensis）等5种水产动物血细胞涂片进行染色,利用光镜和扫描电镜两种方法对5...     

The Posthuman City: San Diego'S Dead Animal Removal Program

Abstract

Nonhuman animals are part of the dynamism that typifies cities, yet prior research has obscured this condition by focusing upon a limited subset of animals and the privatized spaces that contain them. Consequently, previous research provides little guidance in developing a post-human conception of cities. This paper redresses this deficiency by redefining conceptions of “the public” and analyzing data from San Diego's Dead Animal Removal Program (DARP). Commensurate with modern political conceptions, “the public” is defined simultaneously as a spatial formation and (akin to democracies) a quantitative body of bodies. The DARP data indicate the pervasive presence of nonhuman animals in urban environments and the difficulties they face. As a nexus, the DARP illustrates how urban practices and bureaucratic systems reinstantiate “the public” in humanized form through the death and disposal of nonhumans. These hybrid relations challenge geographic methods.     

Red deer in New Zealand: Game animal,economic resource or environmental pest?

The 150‐year history of red deer in New Zealand reflects changing relations between people and introduced animals and has involved recreational, environmental and commercial hunting. Hunters initially pursued red deer for recreation then for environmental control before the animals were subsumed into society's economic processes. After 1930, they were regarded as environmental pests and hunting was open to all. Commercial hunting started after World War II, when economic value redefined the relationship between red deer and people. Relations between people and red deer continued to evolve as New Zealanders generated progressively more refined understandings of nature and the place of introduced species in this country's diverse environments.