中国近海潮波图计算与研究

首次给出了解算潮波微分方程较完善的实用公式。采用边界点作为已知点,海上定点验潮站作为控制和检查点,对我国近海30'×30'网格点进行计算,经与实测资料对比,分潮振幅H精度为±15cm,分潮迟角g精度为±20o,完全满足海道测量海上潮汐改正精度要求。给出了潮波图和无潮点位置。最后还分析研究了中国近海潮波传播特征,得出了一些有益的结论。     

关于我国采用三维地心坐标系统和潮汐改正的讨论

讨论了我国科学地采用地心三维大地坐标系时，主要涉及到的该坐标系的定义、采用的大地测量基本常数以及与此有关的潮汐改正等三个问题。比较实际而又可靠地解决这一问题的途径，就是结合国情尽量沿用国际标准。     

Characterization of the binding sites for Al(III) and Be(II) in a sample of marine fulvic acids

A sample of coastal marine fulvic acids (mfua) was studied and its binding site structures that form stable complexes with metal ions were identified. A previously developed self-modeling methodology, based on the coupling of synchronous fluorescence (SyF) spectroscopy with evolving factor analysis (EFA), was used for the analysis of the interactions between mfua and two metal ions that act as probes for binding sites, namely Be(II) and Al(III). Two types of binding site structures were detected, probably of the salicylic acid and catechol types. The values of the conditional stability constants between mfua and the two metal ions were: for Be(II), at pH = 6, log K = 5.32(8); for Al(III), at pH = 4, log K = 5.1(2). The concentration of the corresponding binding sites was found to be less than one half of those found for soil fulvic acid samples.     

High-temperature phase transitions and elasticity of silica polymorphs

The single-crystal acoustic velocities of α- and β-quartz were measured by Brillouin spectroscopy to a maximum temperature >1,500°C at room pressure. From these velocities, the single-crystal elastic moduli were calculated up to 1,050°C, exceeding the temperature range of previous measurements by 350°C for the elastic moduli and by 710°C for acoustic velocities. The ordinary refractive index (n _o) of α- and β-quartz was measured from room temperature to 800°C. In the temperature interval from ∼950 to 1,000°C a subtle change in the temperature derivative of the longitudinal acoustic velocity was observed in platelet geometry for all measured directions. The high-temperature acoustic velocity data may indicate the presence of a second phase, presumably β-cristobalite, that nucleates below 1,000°C.

Surface Acidity of Amorphous Aluminum Hydroxide

The surface acidity of synthetic amorphous AI hydroxide was determined by acid/base titration with several complementary methods including solution analyses of the reacted solutions and XRD characterization of the reacted solids. The synthetic specimen was characterized to be the amorphous material showing four broad peaks in XRD pattern. XRD analyses of reacted solids after the titration experiments showed that amorphous AI hydroxide rapidly transformed to crystalline bayerite at the alkaline condition （pH〉10）. The solution analyses after and during the titration Ksp=^aAl^3＋/aH^＋^3 ,was 10^10.3. The amount of consumption of added acid or base during the titration experiment was attributed to both the protonation/deprotonation of dissolved AI species and surface hydroxyl group. The surface acidity constants, surface hydroxyl density and specific surface area were estimated by FITEQL 4.0.     

基于WebGIS的新疆棉区棉铃虫发生期预测

随着新疆棉花种植比例的增加,棉铃虫危害也逐年增加,建立基于区域化预测成为棉铃虫害虫信息化管理重要基础。利用新疆石河子地区的气象数据和棉铃虫(cotton bollwor m,CBW)数据,确立了棉铃虫物候学预测参数;根据新疆20多个气象站1980-2000年气象数据,将有效积温与GIS技术融合,实现了基于Web GIS的棉铃虫发生日期的预测。结果表明:新疆南部地区大于10℃积温为2 000~2 400日度,北部地区的棉区有效积温为1 800~1 900日度;田间一代棉铃虫所需要大于10℃的有效积温为610.13日度;南部地区棉铃虫为完整的3~4代,北部地区棉铃虫为完整的3代。以2001年4月25日全疆气象为例,Web GIS可以实时地表达当天的温度数据、日度累积值和棉铃虫发育到特定阶段所需要的日度值。建立基于Web GIS系统,实现了棉铃虫信息的快速发布,有利于棉铃虫区域性科学管理和决策。     

横向各向同性地层(VTI)井孔声弹效应对弯曲波的影响

本文发展了建立在地层参考状态为各向同性介质假定下的现行井孔声弹性理论,就井外为横向各向同性面与井轴垂直的、具有9个独立三阶弹性模量的横向各向同性介质(VTI井况),水平面内受双轴应力作用下给出了一个简洁的与井内压力、应力差、应力和以及多极源偏振方位角有关的井孔弯曲波声弹公式,并且导出了平面纵、横波速度的声弹公式.数值考察了弯曲波速度之改变量的灵敏系数随频率的变化、受井外水平双轴应力作用时两种偏振的偶极弯曲波频散曲线以及对应不同方位径向偏振的横波速度.研究结果表明弯曲波声弹公式与5个二阶弹性系数以及7个独立的三阶弹性模量有关;而且由内压引起的井孔弯曲波声弹性公式中的三阶弹性模量仅与6个独立的弹性模量有关.横向各向同性介质井孔弯曲波速度的交叉现象仍是判断地应力存在的标志;一个重要的认识是受双轴应力作用的弯曲波速度变化在低频区主要与c₁₄₄和c₁₅₅两个三阶弹性模量有关,而且此认识与径向偏振的平面横波一致.在缺乏足够实验条件情况下,对VTI情况,以c₁₄₄,c₁₅₅和c₁₂₃三个独立的量进行测量,然后可暂不考虑三阶弹性模量的各向异性,建立简化的应力反演公式.反之,如果已知地层的地应力信息,由简化的声弹公式可以反演三阶弹性模量c₁₄₄,c₁₅₅和c₁₂₃.     

Ice-induced seasonal variability of tidal constants in the Arctic Ocean

The results for three-dimensional (3D) winter and summer tidal flows in the homogeneous Arctic Ocean, obtained with the use of a modified version of the 3D finite-element hydrothermodynamic model QUODDY-4, are presented. It is shown that seasonal variability of the M₂ tidal constants (amplitudes and phases of tidal sea surface level elevations) in the Central and Canadian parts of the Arctic Ocean is less than the error in the predicted tidal sea surface level elevations. This means that the seasonal variability can be neglected at least as a first approximation. A different situation is encountered in the Siberian continental shelf, where seasonal changes of tidal amplitude are ±5 cm, while those of tidal phase vary from 15° to several tens of degrees.     

二氧化硅水溶物种与热力学性质

系统综述了热液流体中溶解ＳｉＯ２存在形式的研究成果，指出溶解ＳｉＯ２在天然条件下主要呈真溶液迁移，其形式为Ｈ４ＳｉＯ４或Ｓｉ（ＯＨ）４·２Ｈ２Ｏ及其它水合数的单硅酸和多硅酸；在适宜的条件下，Ｈ３ＳｉＯ－４、ＮａＨ３ＳｉＯ０４、Ｓｉ（ＯＨ）４ＳＯ２－４、（Ｋ，Ｎａ）Ｓｉ（ＯＨ）０５或硅的有机配合物将成为主要的溶解物种。最后，给出了有关上述水溶物种的热力学平衡常数     

Similar Adsorption Parameters for Trace Metals with Different Aquatic Particles

Conditional surface binding constants and complexation capacities for Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu were determined from surface titration experiments of heterogeneous natural aquatic particulate matter of different origin and composition. Metals and particles were evaluated in naturally occurring concentration ranges in river water.The adsorption of trace metals can be adequately described with a single conditional binding constant over a wide range of metal : particle ratios. Binding constants for aquatic particles at pH 8.0 are remarkably independent from particle composition and are specific for each metal: log K^ads _Zn = 8.39, log K^ads _Pb = 9.67, log K^ads _Cd = 8.61, log ^ads _Cu = 9.84. From competition experiments with Ca and Pb we extracted a sorption coefficient for Ca of log K^ads _Ca = 2.5 (pH 8.0). Maximum surface binding capacities for all metal ions were found for particles containing high fractions of Mn-oxides which are associated with large specific surface areas. Generally, we found sorption capacities to decrease in the sequence Cu Pb, Zn > Cd.The experiments suggest that the conditional surface binding constants and complexation capacities are applicable to model trace metal adsorption in the concentration ranges of natural waters under conditions similar to the experiments. Results also imply that the chemical nature of particle surface sites is rather uniform in the intermediate concentration range or that the array of binding sites averages out differences in sorption strength over the prevailing concentration range of metal ions, respectively.