Efficient computation of cross-spectral densities in the stochastic modelling of waves and wave loads

A new method is presented for efficient calculation of auto- and cross-spectral densities in the stochastic modelling of ocean waves and wave loads. As part of the short-term response analyses, the method may contribute to more efficient long-term response prediction. Specifically the cross-spectral densities of the first order wave excitation forces are considered, but the method is straightforwardly generalized to other cross-spectral densities, e.g. for wave elevation, wave kinematics or second order loads. The method can be used with any choice of directional spreading function, but special attention is given to the commonly used cos-2s type directional distribution. In addition to the development of the new method, the traditional method using the trapezoidal rule for numerical quadrature is improved by developing an adaptive way of choosing the number of integration points. The accuracy of the adaptive method and the new method is investigated, revealing rapid convergence for both methods. However, the new method appears more robust as it avoids so-called spurious hat errors. When applied to two different pontoon type floating bridges the adaptive method and the new method both achieve a great improvement in computational effort compared to the traditional trapezoidal rule method. When the dimensions of the floating bridge increase, i.e. the number of pontoons and their relative distances increase, the new method is superior with respect to computation time.     

Reliability analysis of seismic bearing capacity of strip footing by stochastic slip lines method

In this research, the reliability analysis of seismic ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing is assessed with implementing slip lines method coupled with random field theory. The probability density functions of seismic and static bearing capacities which are log-normal and nearly normal distribution respectively are compared to each other. The predicted Probability Density Function (PDF) of the seismic bearing capacity by slip line method is verified, with those of the Terzaghi equation and Monte Carlo simulation (MCs). For uncertainties analysis by Terzaghi equation the N_c, N_q and N_γ are assessed stochastically.     

Precipitation,dynamical intermittency,and sporadic randomness

While rainfall intermittency is a dynamical phenomenon, little progress has been made in the literature on the link between rainfall intermittency and atmospheric dynamics. We present the basic dynamical models of intermittency that are phenomenologically most similar to rainfall: Pomeau–Manneville Type-III and On–Off. We then illustrate each type with both a 1-D iterative map and a corresponding stochastic process stressing the appearance of these dynamics in high-dimensional (stochastic) systems as opposed to low-dimensional chaotic systems. We show that the pdf of rainfall intensities, the pdf of “laminar phases” (periods of zero rainfall intensity), and the spectrum of the rainfall series all have power-law behavior that is broadly consistent with intermittency in the classic types. Using a seasonal analysis, we find that summer convective rainfall at daily and sub-daily scales seems consistent with features of Type-III intermittency. The correspondence with Type-III intermittency and a preliminary entropic analysis further suggest that rainfall may be an example of sporadic randomness, blending deterministic and stochastic components.     

Longitudinal dispersion in vegetated rivers with stochastic flows

Longitudinal dispersion is one of the most important transport processes in fluvial ecosystems. It affects the transport of chemicals, nutrients, seeds, and wood debris along a river. The focus of this work is on the impact of riparian vegetation on the dispersion coefficient. The investigation considers stochastic forcing due to the river discharge randomness and its interplay with vegetation dynamics. A stochastic bio-hydrodynamical model is proposed and the probability distribution of the dispersion coefficient is obtained. The model allows one to elucidate the influence of (i) the vegetation characteristics, (ii) the probabilistic structure of the discharge time series, and (iii) the hydraulic characteristics of the transect. The work demonstrates the high variability of dispersion coefficients and the remarkable impact of riparian vegetation when medium/high discharges flow.     

钢筋混凝土箱型高墩双向拟静力试验研究

随着高墩大跨桥梁的广泛应用,其抗震问题也越来越突出。本文主要考虑轴压比、长细比的影响,进行了6个钢筋混凝土薄壁箱型高墩缩尺模型的双向拟静力试验,以及反复荷载作用下的非线性分析。研究表明：①钢筋混凝土薄壁箱型高墩柱在多维荷载共同作用下,主要发生典型的弯曲破坏,但剪切作用也不容忽视;②墩枉的破坏受到不同方向耦合作用的显著影响,尤其是抗弯刚度小的一侧受到的影响更大,较早就出现开裂,提前进入塑性发展阶段;③非线性有限元计算的滞回曲线、骨架曲线等与试验结果基本吻合;④建立了考虑轴压比、长细比影响的钢筋混凝土薄壁箱型高墩的双向荷载一位移恢复力模型,该模型基本能够反映钢筋混凝土薄壁箱型高墩的抗震性能,可供钢筋混凝土箱型高墩柱及高墩桥梁结构的抗震设计和动力计算参考。     

Operations optimization of multireservoir systems using storage moments equations

Fletcher–Ponnambalam presented a new model for considering the balance equation of the storage volume of the reservoir using indicator functions. For stochastic inflows, the two storage moments of this balance equation, namely, the mean and variance, calculated using a random release policy were found to be quite accurate unlike any known models. Significantly, this model required no discretization of storage volumes or releases. In this paper, this work has been extended to two new cases: for multireservoir systems which require further consideration of the stochastic releases and for arbitrary distribution of inflows using the Beta-equivalent Kumaraswamy distribution which has a simpler form than Beta. The randomized release policies are easy to use even in a multireservoir problem. The Parambikulm-Aliyar Project from India is used as a case study. Results show accurate predictions of mean of storages in the multireservoir case but show the need for further improvement in the standard deviations of storages. The optimal benefits and the policies obtained are shown to be at least as good as obtained using Monte Carlo-based methods.     

GFRP套管钢筋混凝土柱恢复力模型的试验研究

GFRP(Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer)套管钢筋混凝土柱是一种新型的组合结构形式,为研究其抗震性能,对8根GFRP套管钢筋混凝土柱进行低周反复荷载作用下的试验研究。主要研究了轴压力大小、混凝土强度及FRP管与基础的连接方式对GFRP套管钢筋混凝土组合柱的变形能力和滞回特征的影响,根据GFRP套管钢筋混凝土组合柱在低周反复荷载作用下滞回曲线的特点,采用截面层纤维模型法对试件截面进行全过程分析获得骨架曲线。通过试验数据回归分析确定加卸载规则,提出了适合于GFRP套管钢筋混凝土组合柱的恢复力模型,并与试验结果进行了比较,计算模型与试验结果吻合良好。     

植被恢复不同阶段下喀斯特土壤微生物群落结构及活性的变化——以云南石林景区为例

为了探讨植被恢复对喀斯特土壤生化特性的影响,对云南石林景区植被恢复演替下土壤养分、微生物群落结构及活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,相对于裸露地,植被恢复显著地提高了土壤养分、微生物量碳、微生物活性、微生物商、细菌种丰富度及基因多样性;相对于对照原始林,植被恢复演替下土壤总有机碳、总氮、微生物量碳、基础呼吸和诱导呼吸的恢复程度分别为32%～83%、36%～70%、54%～89%、58%～82%和35%～51%;对照林与植被恢复演替下土壤细菌群落结构之间的相似性遵循如下趋势:裸露地(稀)草地灌丛。总体上,自然恢复方式(草地和灌丛)提高土壤质量效果优于人工恢复方式(柏树林);从裸露地到稀草地恢复过程中,土壤质量提高尤为迅速,为退化喀斯特土壤生态系统进一步恢复改善了条件。     

玛曲退牧还草工程生态效果的遥感监测

 为了了解退牧还草工程对玛曲草地生态恢复的效果,利用MODIS卫星遥感资料、地面草地调查资料、退牧还草工程围栏资料和乡行政边界,分别从地面草地监测、不同退牧还草措施的遥感监测对比、玛曲各乡退牧还草效果的遥感监测以及玛曲植被空间变化等方面,对退牧还草工程对玛曲草地恢复的效果进行了研究。结果表明:①退牧还草后的2005年和2006年,工程区内植被盖度较工程区外提高6.8％和5.6％,高度提高69.2％和61.5％,生物量提高30.2％和30.6％。②2005和2006年禁牧区的平均NDVI分别较退牧前提高了3.4%和2.6%,休牧区提高了3.0%和0.9%。③植被的空间分布显示,退牧后2005年和2006年大多数退牧还草围栏内植被指数较2004年高,围栏内NDVI较2004年增加5%~50%,以2005年增加最为显著。④退牧还草工程对玛曲草地生态环境恢复效果均是明显的,其中禁牧的效果较退牧更为显著。     

Spatial variability assessment of soil nutrients in an intense agricultural area,a case study of Rugao County in Yangtze River Delta Region,China

Topsoil samples (0–20 cm) (n = 237) were collected from Rugao County, China. Geostatistical variogram analysis, sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS), and principal component (PC) analysis were applied to assess spatial variability of soil nutrients, identify the possible areas of nutrient deficiency, and explore spatial scale of variability of soil nutrients in the county. High variability of soil nutrient such as soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B concentrations were observed. Soil nutrient properties displayed significant differences in their spatial structures, with available Cu having strong spatial dependence, SOM and available P having weak spatial dependence, and other nutrient properties having moderate spatial dependence. The soil nutrient deficiency, defined here as measured nutrient concentrations which do not meet the advisory threshold values specific to the county for dominant crops, namely rice, wheat, and rape seeds, was observed in available K and Zn, and the deficient areas covered 38 and 11%, respectively. The first three PCs of the nine soil nutrient properties explained 62.40% of the total variance. TN and SOM with higher loadings on PC1 are closely related to soil texture derived from different parent materials. The PC2 combined intermediate response variables such as available Zn and P that are likely to be controlled by land use and soil pH. Available B has the highest loading on PC3 and its variability of concentrations may be primarily ascribed to localized anthropogenic influence. The amelioration of soil physical properties (i.e. soil texture) and soil pH may improve the availability of soil nutrients and the sustainability of the agricultural system of Rugao County.