中国刺参(♂)×日本红刺参(♀)杂交子代的胚胎、幼体发育及幼参生长性状的研究

本研究建立中国刺参(♂)与日本红刺参(♀)杂交组合,通过对杂交子代的胚胎发育进行观察,详细描述其胚胎及幼体各个阶段的发育时序和形态特征,并比较在幼参培育期间杂交苗与中国刺参自交苗的生长和成活.结果表明,在20～22℃时,杂交子代发育至初耳幼体的时间为受精后24 h 38 min,发育至中耳幼体的时间为72 h 8 min,然后经过167h 8 min(约7d)发育至大耳幼体,到受精后第9天发育至樽形幼体.樽形幼体后期,纤毛环逐渐退化,浮游能力减弱,幼虫由浮游转至底栖生活.在幼参培育期间,受精后第38～51天,平均水温为25.2℃,杂交幼参的体重特定生长率(SGR)为2.58％,而自交幼参的SGR略高,为3.03％;从受精后第51～80天,平均水温达到27.17℃,杂交幼参的生长速度减慢,SGR减小至0.66％,但平均体质量明显增加,到第80天达到(0.34±0.035)g,而自交幼参活动能力减弱,摄食量明显减少,SGR减小至0.08％,生长近于停滞,到第80天平均体质量为(0.19±0.034)g.自交苗和杂交苗的成活率相差不显著,分别为82.2％和73.9％.这表明,在高温条件下杂交苗种比自交苗种生长优势明显.     

氨氮慢性胁迫对刺参免疫酶活性及热休克蛋白表达的影响

以初始体重为(50.50±1.67)g左右的刺参(Apostichopus Japonicus Selenka)为研究对象,研究了不同氨氮浓度对刺参体壁和体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及HSP70表达的影响。20d慢性毒性实验研究结果表明:(1)刺参体壁和体腔液ACP、AKP活性在0.51和2.04mg/L氨氮浓度下表现出先上升后降低的趋势,而在5.09、10.19和50.93mg/L下,则表现出降低的趋势;(2)不同浓度氨氮胁迫下,刺参体壁CAT活性均呈现降低趋势,且与氨氮浓度呈现显著的负相关性(P<0.05),而刺参体腔液CAT活性在0.51、5.09、10.19和50.93mg/L浓度下则均随取样时间而降低;(3)在氨氮浓度0.51～5.09mg/L时,刺参体壁和体腔液SOD活性均表现出不同程度的先增高后降低的趋势,而在高浓度下则与氮氮浓度显著负相关;(4)在氨氮胁迫下,刺参体壁、呼吸树、肠道和体腔液中HSP70表达量迅速升高,氨氮胁迫第5天时检测到达到最高;随后各组织HSP70的表达量缓慢降低,但在氨氮胁迫第20天时,各组织HSP70的表达量仍显著高于氨氮胁迫前的水平(P<0.05)。各组织中HSP70最高表达量与氨氮浓度呈现明显的正相关性。综合本研究结果可以看出,随着氨氮胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,刺参免疫酶活性趋于降低,同时机体清除自由基的能力下降,机体非特异性免疫防御系统遭到损伤。而HSP70表达量维持在较高水平,可能对于增强机体的抗逆性具有重要的作用。     

Can long-term content analysis of print media be used to examine species composition,population demography and changes in distributional range of recreational fishery species?

Although marine recreational fisheries are socially and economically important, there is often limited funding for their monitoring and assessment. With South African anglers reporting catch declines for almost all targeted species and little long-term monitoring data available, novel methods need to be explored to provide managers with additional information. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of content analysis of print-media records for detecting long-term trends in species composition, size composition and distribution of selected recreational fishery species. Information for eight fishes captured in the marine shore-based fishery was collected from South Africa’s most popular recreational fishery magazine, between 1960 and 2009. During the five decades, there were shifts in the catch composition, from being dominated by slow-growing, large predators to faster-growing, large predators and lower-trophic-level species. There were no significant trends in the mean and maximum sizes of the dominant species, except for dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, which increased significantly in the maximum size reported during the study period. The distributional range of A. japonicus and leervis Lichia amia significantly increased, and that of galjoen Dichistius capensis significantly decreased. However, it was uncertain whether these trends could be attributed to population changes, changes in angler technology and/or behaviour, or climate signals. Overall, this type of content analysis may provide a cost-effective method to examine changes in species composition and fish distributions over time, but, without detailed knowledge of shifts in angler behavioural patterns, it may not be as useful for understanding changes in the population dynamics of recreational fishery species. It is suggested that fishery-independent monitoring programmes are most suited for this type of complex fishery.     

热带珊瑚礁区红腹海参及绿刺参食物来源分析——脂肪酸标志法

沉积食性海参通过大量摄取沉积物在热带珊瑚礁生态系统中发挥重要的生态功能,但其食物来源组成尚不清楚.本文研究了海南三亚近岸典型珊瑚礁海域红腹海参(Holothuria edulis)及绿刺参(Stichopus chloronotus)脂肪酸组成,利用脂肪酸标志法探讨了夏季和冬季两种海参的食物来源异同.结果表明,红腹海参...     

东海带鱼食性的季节变化

探讨带鱼摄食生态及东海食物网现状。根据2002年12月~2003年11月收集到的带鱼胃含物样品,对其摄食习性的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明,带鱼全年摄食的饵料种类数共有60余种,鱼类和甲壳类为其主要饵料类群。带鱼的食物组成存在季节差异,春季以细条天竺鲷、磷虾和带鱼为主要食物;夏季以带鱼、磷虾、糠虾和刺鲳为主要食物;秋季以口足类幼体、七星底灯鱼和竹荚鱼为主要食物;冬季以带鱼、七星底灯鱼、小带鱼和糠虾为主要食物。摄食强度的季节变化并不明显(P>0.05),秋季最高,夏季最低;各个季节的主要饵料类群组成存在差异,鱼类饵料的重量百分比均最高;饵料多样性指数季节差异并不显著(P>0.05),秋季最高,冬季和夏季较低。通过与历史资料进行比较发现,东海带鱼的食物组成发生了较大的变化,已由过去以磷虾为主转变为以鱼类为主,同时表现出明显的同类相食的现象。     

日本对虾溶血素的活性测定及性能研究

于1997年10－11月,以青岛市红岛养殖场养殖的日本对虾为材料,采用分光光度法对其血淋巴中的溶血素进行活性检测,研究多种理化因子对其溶血性能的影响,以及日本对虾溶血素经细菌和虫草多糖肌肉注射刺激后的活性变化。结果表明,日本对虾溶血素的活性同对虾的健康状况密切相关。该溶血累经60℃以下处理溶血作用有所增强,在pH=5－9时溶血活性最高,Ca2＋、Fe2＋可增强溶血作用。注射大肠杆菌（2×107cells／尾）和虫草多糖能够诱导日本对虾溶血素的产生,使溶血活性有所提高;而注射哈维氏弧菌（7×107cells／尾）会导致对虾发病,降低溶血素的活性。     

Polyploidy induction by hydrostatic pressure shock and embryo development of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

The manipulation of the chromosome set for commercially valuable marine animals is important for enhancing aquacultural production. In this study, triploid and tetraploid sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus were induced by hydrostatic pressure shock, and the conditions of appropriate induction were tested with different starting times, and hydrostatic pressure intensities and durations. The highest rate of triploid induction reached 20% and that of tetraploid was 60%. In consideration of the survival rate and hatch rate, the appropriate treatment for triploid was 55 Mpa of hydrostatic pressure for 5 min at 55 min after fertilization (a.f.), while for tetraploid it was 60 Mpa for 5 min at 61 min a.f. The triploid of the sea cucumber could survive through the pelagic larval stage and attachment stage, and develop like the control group of the experiment. The tetraploid, however, could not survive the attachment stage.     

基于栖息地指数的西北太平洋日本鲭渔情预报模型构建

根据2014−2017年5−11月西北太平洋公海灯光围网日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)生产数据,结合同期的环境遥感数据,分别基于捕捞量和作业次数,构建日本鲭栖息地适宜性指数(Habitat Suitability Index,HSI)模型。选取海表水温、海面高度异常和叶绿素a浓度,采用一元指数回归拟合,建立各个环境变量的适应性指数模型,并利用线性规划方法确定各环境因子的权重,从而提高日本鲭HSI模型对渔场的预报精度。利用2018年5−11月的实际捕捞数据对模型进行预报准确率验证,在基于渔获量和作业次数构建的HSI模型中,HSI大于0.7的海域,渔获量平均占比分别为77.29%、76.79%,这表明基于不同权重环境因子的HSI模型能够较好地预测西北太平洋公海日本鲭中心渔场。     

4种对虾耗氧率、CO_2排出量、呼吸商和窒息点的研究（英文）

较系统研究了斑节对虾、墨吉对虾、日本对虾和刀额新对虾等４种对虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量、呼吸商和窒息点。结果表明,同一种类不同大小和不同种类及生活习性不同,耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量、呼吸商和窒息点有较大的差别。日本对虾、刀额新对虾的耗氧率、ＣＯ２排出量比其他两种虾低。墨吉对虾次之,斑节对虾为最高。对ＤＯ忍受能力,刀额新对虾最强,在ＤＯ０．６０ｍｇ／Ｌ才开始出现窒息。斑节对虾次之,在ＤＯ降至０．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。墨吉对虾在ＤＯ１．１９ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。日本对虾忍受ＤＯ能力最差,在以ＤＯ１．３１ｍｇ／Ｌ出现窒息。     

氨氮和硫化氢对日本对虾幼体生长和变态发育的影响

研究了氨氮和硫化氢对日本对虾(Penaeus japonicus)各期幼体存活率、变态率和日生长率的影响。结果表明,氨氮和硫化氢对日本对虾各期幼体存活率、变态率和日生长率都具有显著性影响(P﹤0.05)。随着氨氮质量浓度的升高,日本对虾各期幼体存活率(无节幼体除外)和未变态个体的日生长率(日生长率A)均逐渐降低,变态率和变态个体的日生长率(日生长率B)则逐渐升高;随着硫化氢质量浓度的升高,日本对虾各期幼体存活率和日生长率A均呈现逐渐降低趋势,变态率和日生长率B也逐渐减小。研究发现,氨氮和硫化氢质量浓度与日生长率A呈现负相关性,变态率与日生长率B呈现正相关性。