电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像

电性源地空瞬变电磁法具有工作效率高、勘探深度大、采集信号信噪比高、适用于地形地质条件复杂地区等优点.但是,到目前为止,由于尚未建立起该方法的解释系统,大大制约了该方法的发展.本文旨在建立起完整的地空电磁探测系统,丰富整个探测系统的理论.本文围绕地空瞬变电磁法全域视电阻率定义、瞬变电磁虚拟波场的克希霍夫偏移成像、逆合成孔径成像方法三个科学问题进行了系统研究.提出了用磁场强度定义全域视电阻率的迭代算法,理论模型试验结果表明计算出的视电阻率曲线首支趋于第一层电阻率,尾支趋于最后一层电阻率,实现了全空域、全时域视电阻率的计算;在先前研究的基础上,实现了适合电性源地空装置的瞬变电磁虚拟波场的克希霍夫偏移成像;采用相关迭加技术,实现孔径内多测点数据合成,将传统的单点处理方式发展成为逐点推移多次覆盖的逆合成孔径处理方法.层状模型试验表明:(1)全域视电阻率能够光滑、完整、渐变地反映出模型的电性信息变化;(2)当改变三层模型中间层电阻率时,全域视电阻率曲线随着参数的改变分异明显,对电性层的识别容易且直观;(3)由于在电阻率计算中同时考虑了接收机高度、偏移距、时间等各参数的影响,全域视电阻率可实现全空域、全时域的视电阻率计算.含水采空区的复杂模型算例表明:(1)根据不同测线的全域视电阻率结果可以看出,在靠近采空区的位置,全域视电阻率断面可以清晰地反映出采空区的空间位置,随着测线离采空区越来越远,采空区异常越来越弱直至消失;(2)波场变换和偏移成像的结果显示存在两个电性差异较大的界面,上界面指示地表,由于空气和大地之间的电性差异较大,故该界面波场信号反映强烈,遍布整个区域,下界面异常信号则主要集中在中部,向外逐渐减弱,指示采空区;(3)逆合成孔径成像结果表明地表界面在合成前后没有变化,而采空区异常合成后范围明显变小,且异常边界清晰,指示的采空区位置与模型吻合很好.本文借助于逆合成孔径雷达成像的基本思想,建立了一套电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像方法.基于反函数思想结合迭代算法提出的电性源地空瞬变电磁法的全域视电阻率定义方法,实现了全空域、全时域的视电阻率计算;借鉴瞬变电磁拟地震偏移成像算法,实现了瞬变场的三维成像;借鉴逆合成孔径雷达的思想,提出电性源瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径算法,进一步提高了成像的分辨率.采空区模型算例表明相关叠加合成确实具有增强有用信号、提高信噪比、提高分辨率的诸多优点,证实了瞬变电磁地空逆合成孔径成像方法的有效性.     

电成像测井处理新技术在储层评价方面的应用

为了更深入的研究电成像测井资料在储层评价方面的应用,针对碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩及薄互层三种类型的储层建立了三种新技术.通过对环井周电阻率数据进行统计,建立了电阻率谱技术及分选指数的计算方法,根据谱峰的宽窄及分选指数大小对碎屑岩储层分选性及非均质性进行评价,对于预测高产储层具有一定的指导意义;通过阿尔奇公式将环井周电阻率转换为孔隙度,并对孔隙度数据进行统计,建立了孔隙度谱技术及基质孔隙度及次生孔隙度的计算方法,对于评价碳酸盐岩储集层次生孔隙发育情况具有重要作用;利用电成像高分辨的优势,通过对薄互层电阻率进行统计,根据砂泥岩电阻率的差异,建立了薄互层有效厚度的计算方法,成为评价薄互层的一种重要手段.阐述了这些方法的基本原理及适应的岩性条件,拓展了电成像测井资料在储层评价方面的应用.     

航空数字摄影测量传感器系统新进展

近些年来,随着数字成像技术的快速发展,大幅面框幅式数字航空成像系统和机载三线阵成像系统正得到迅速推广和应用,本文根据数字成像系统的新特点及国内外主要研究方向,参考第21届国际摄影测量与遥感大会中关于该专题的49篇文章,对航空数字成像系统的数据处理与系统集成、Leica ADS40系统、VEXCEL/Microsoft UltraCamD/UltraCamX系统、Intergraph DMC系统、无人机（UAV）数字航空成像系统等研究方向进行了总结。     

A Study on the CdZnTe Array Detector

The CdZnTe array detector is a new type of semiconductor detector being rapidly developed in recent years. It possesses a high spatial resolution and a high energy resolution, and it can work at room temperatures. This paper describes the physical properties and working principle of the CdZnTe array detector, as well as the manufacturing technology, including the chip pretreatment, passivation, ohmic electrode preparation, array template selection, and array packaging technology (micro-interconnection). For evaluating the perfor-mance of the detector, the authors have developed successfully a 4 pixel×4 pixel CdZnTe array and an 8 pixel×8 pixel CdZnTe array (with the thicknesses of 5 mm and 2 mm, the pixel size of 2 mm×2 mm, and the gaps of 0.15 mm and 0.2 mm, respectively) in cooperation with the partner. A multi-channel electronic readout system based on the ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) chip is devel-oped independently for the charge measurement of the 4 pixel×4 pixel CdZnTe array. The energy spectra and corresponding energy resolutions of the 16 pixels are obtained with the ¹³⁷Cs radiative source, among them the best resolution is 4.8%@662 kev.     

Electrical resistivity imaging and hydrochemical analysis for groundwater investigation in Kuala Langat,Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Integrated two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and hydrochemical surveys were used to investigate the groundwater alluvial aquifer in Kuala Langat, Malaysia. The study in the Langat basin considered the thickness of the aquifer, the depth of the bedrock, the regions influenced by seawater intrusion, and the monitoring of water levels. The resistivity imaging results show that the upper layer consists of clay, while the second layer is an aquifer whose thickness varies mostly in the range of 10–30 m, and in some cases extends to 40 m. The bedrock depth varies from 30 to 65 m. The chemical analyses were carried out on groundwater samples from nine boreholes collected between 2008 and 2012. The analyses indicate that the total dissolved solids (TDS) exceed 1000 mg L^-1 near the coastal area and are often less than 500 mg L^-1 further inland. The ERI and hydrochemical analyses reveal that groundwater in the study area, especially towards the coast, is a mixture of brackish and fresh waters.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis; ASSOCIATE EDITOR M.D. Fidelibus     

Modelling surface magnetic field evolution on AB Doradûs due to diffusion and surface differential rotation

From Zeeman–Doppler images of the young, rapidly-rotating K0 dwarf AB Doradûs, we have created a potential approximation to the observed radial magnetic field and have evolved it over 30 d subject to the observed surface differential rotation , meridional flow and various diffusion rates. Assuming that the dark polar cap seen in Doppler images of this star is caused by the presence of a unipolar field, we have shown that the observed differential rotation will shear this field to produce the observed high-latitude band of unidirectional azimuthal field. By cross-correlating the evolved fields with the initial field each day we have followed the decay with time of the cross-correlation function. Over 30 d it decays by only 10 per cent. This contrasts with the results of Barnes et al. , who show that on this time-scale the spot distribution of He699 is uncorrelated. We propose that this is due to the effects of flux emergence changing the spot distributions.     

MRI对鼻咽癌、颅底转移及放疗中、后改变的诊断与评价

目的: 探讨MRI对鼻咽癌和颅底骨转移的诊断价值,及MRI对放疗中、放疗后改变及放疗后残存与复发的评估价值,及其对医疗安全的保障价值。 材料与方法: 搜集30例鼻咽癌患者的诊断和治疗资料。全部病例均进行放疗前、放疗中及放疗后的MRI检查。放疗后状态的病例均追随3-6个月复查。 结果: 在30例鼻咽癌患者中,存在颅底骨骨转移病例11例。经放射治疗,21例呈放疗后状态,其中包括2例液化性坏死,6例凝固性坏死;9例放疗后残存。 结论: MR平扫及增强扫描对鼻咽癌、鼻咽癌颅底骨转移、鼻咽癌放疗中、后改变及放疗后复发有较高的诊断、评估价值。     

Gas hydrate accumulations related to focused fluid flow in the Pegasus Basin,southern Hikurangi Margin,New Zealand

The Hikurangi Margin, east of the North Island of New Zealand, is known to contain significant deposits of gas hydrates. This has been demonstrated by several multidisciplinary studies in the area since 2005. These studies indicate that hydrates in the region are primarily located beneath thrust ridges that enable focused fluid flow, and that the hydrates are associated with free gas. In 2009–2010, a seismic dataset consisting of 2766 km of 2D seismic data was collected in the undrilled Pegasus Basin, which has been accumulating sediments since the early Cretaceous. Bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) are abundant in the data, and they are accompanied by other features that indicate the presence of free gas and concentrated accumulations of gas hydrate. We present results from a detailed qualitative analysis of the data that has made use of automated high-density velocity analysis to highlight features related to the hydrate system in the Pegasus Basin. Two scenarios are presented that constitute contrasting mechanisms for gas-charged fluids to breach the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. The first mechanism is the vertical migration of fluids across layers, where flow pathways do not appear to be influenced by stratigraphic layers or geological structures. The second mechanism is non-vertical fluid migration that follows specific strata that crosscut the BSR. One of the most intriguing features observed is a presumed gas chimney within the regional gas hydrate stability zone that is surrounded by a triangular (in 2D) region of low reflectivity, approximately 8 km wide, interpreted to be the result of acoustic blanking. This chimney structure is cored by a ∼200-m-wide low-velocity zone (interpreted to contain free gas) flanked by high-velocity bands that are 200–400 m wide (interpreted to contain concentrated hydrate deposits).     

海底观测网深水设备精准定点布放方法研究

海底观测网因其实时、长期、连续、高精度时钟同步及原位等优势而逐渐成为人类研究海洋的新型平台,建设规模和应用水深都在不断扩大。海底观测网系统建设中,深水设备的精准定点布放及湿插拔作业是施工的难点。针对国内海底观测网精准定位布放作业存在的困难和问题,结合国内现有施工条件,提出一种大深度海底设备精准定点布放安装方法,实现南海深海海底观测网试验系统深水设备精准定位布放与ROV湿插拔作业,对未来大规模海底观测网及其它深水工程中设备的精准定点布放和安装,具有参考和借鉴意义。     

王府断陷火石岭组火山岩储层裂缝特征与分布规律

以岩芯裂缝和薄片资料为基础,结合成像测井技术和地震资料研究王府断陷火石岭组火山岩储层裂缝特征及分布规律。该区火山岩储层发育原生裂缝和构造-后生裂缝,原生裂缝张开度小,对改善储层意义不大;而构造-后生裂缝张开度大,延伸较远,能提高储层的储渗能力。通过FMI成像测井可识别出高导缝、高阻缝、微裂缝和钻井诱导缝,其中高导缝和微裂缝一般为有效裂缝。根据高导缝走向和构造特征,将研究区火山岩储层裂缝分为3个区:北部区、中部区和南部区,其中北部区和南部区受顺直断裂控制,高导缝具有两个优势走向;中部区受交叉断裂控制,高导缝为一个优势走向。中部区裂缝平均密度最高,倾角属性也显示为有利裂缝区,可以作为勘探和井位部署的重点区域。