灰岩碳氧同位素特征与隐伏花岗岩的关系——以栗木水溪庙矿区为例

对栗木水溪庙矿区泥盆系上统融县组灰岩的碳氧同位素进行了研究,该地区灰岩的碳氧同位素组成可提供隐伏花岗岩隆起及其相关流体的重要信息。受隐伏花岗岩侵入驱动的流体与上覆融县组灰岩发生反应的温度在110℃左右,流体的初始同位素组成为δ18OSMOW=-3‰,δ13CPDB≤-7‰,反应的水岩比值（w/r）可能小于5。这种岩浆水与大气降水的混合流体与围岩之间的水岩反应使得地表灰岩的δ18O和δ13C值降低,产生负异常。研究表明,围岩的δ18O值降低受反应的水岩比值和温度控制;δ13C值降低主要与反应的水岩比值有关。反应的温度越高,w/r值越大,灰岩的碳氧同位素负异常越明显。因此,水溪庙矿区地表出露的碳酸盐地层中的碳氧同位素变化可在地球化学勘查中用于指示下伏花岗岩岩脊的隐伏位置。     

Reconstruction of palaeosalinity using carbon isotopes and benthic associations: a comparison

Carbon and oxygen isotopes were determined on 40 recrystallized shells of Late Jurassic bivalves from the Lusitanian Basin of Portugal. In contrast with the oxygen isotopes, which exhibited considerable diagenetic distortion, the carbon isotopes are thought to preserve a record of the salinity of the Jurassic marginal marine seas in which these bivalves lived. The reconstructed palaeosalinities range from 35%o (euhaline) to 5% (oligohaline). Comparing these values with the palaeosalinity reconstructed from a palaeoecological analysis of 17 stratigraphic levels within the basin, the independently derived values agree in most cases. Strongly differing values are explained as being due to biotic factors and to diagenetic distortion of the isotopic signal; they are less likely to be due to smallscale time-averaging or insufficient microstratigraphic sampling. On the whole, the carbon isotope analyses are thought to produce reasonable palaeosalinity values, although data from infaunal, originally aragonitic bivalves appear to be less reliable than those from epifaunal bivalves with a predominantly or exclusively calcitic shell. As diagenetic alteration of the carbon isotope signal is, however, unpredictable and biotic effects on the isotopic composition are insufficiently known, palaeosalinity reconstructions based on stable isotope data should be supported by palaeoecological data.     

有机碳同位素示踪古环境变化研究

对有机碳同位素示踪环境变化的原理、研究对象、取得的进展和存在的问题等进行了详细研究，认识到C～H键比C-O键有利于富集^12C，从而导致生物或有机碳δ^13C为极低的负值，使有机碳与无机碳之间存在显著的碳同位素差异。光合作用类型的不同使植物分为C3，C4和CAM3种类群，并导致不同类群的植物具有不同的碳同位素组成，C3植物δ^13C=-20‰～-32‰，平均-28‰，而C4植物δ^13C=-9‰～-17‰，平均-14‰。气候环境的差异影响了光合作用的类型和强度，使不同环境的植物类群特征不同，不仅造成植物组合的碳同位素组成不同，而且导致不同食性的动物牙齿等化石的碳同位素组成的差异，甚至相应的无机碳同位素的变化，因此生物链及其衍生物的碳同位素研究也就成为反演某一地区或某一时期气候环境的有效手段。被作为研究对象的地质记录可分为有机和无机两类，有机类主要包括树轮等植物化石、牙齿等动物化石、煤等陆相沉积有机质、海相沉积有机质、土壤(前者的衍生物)，这些研究对象分别适合于目的不同的环境研究，并获得了较好的效果。进而发现有机碳同位素在研究重大生物灭绝事件、C4植物起源、地球早期生命起源、地外生命存在与否、矿产资源形成时的有机质作用等问题上将有重要作为。     

First record of 1.2 Ga quartz dioritic magmatism in the Archaean Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia,and its significance

Farming of southern bluefin tuna in South Australia currently contributes to more than 30% of the value of the aquaculture production in Australia. This study investigated the natural sedimentary setting of the area designated for this important industry in coastal waters off Port Lincoln, and explored the links between the natural distribution of sediments and potential environmental effects and risks to the industry. Sediments were mostly composed of poorly sorted silts and fine sands, predominantly skeletal remains of carbonate-secreting organisms. The contribution of plankton to the organic matter remaining in the sediments was calculated to be in excess of 80% using concentration-dependent stable-isotope mixing models. An erosional area was identified south of Rabbit Island where sediments contained up to 50% siliciclastic material, grainsize distributions were better sorted and coarser, and organic carbon and total nitrogen contents were very low. In contrast, deeper waters north of Cape Donington were identified as a depocentre for fine sediments, which contained organic matter levels twice those elsewhere in the region despite the extremely high carbonate contents (>80%). The heavier stable isotopic signature of nitrogen suggested that this organic matter comprised a greater fraction of weathered components, probably advected to the area by suspended and bedload transport. This local variability of sediment characteristics in the farming zone suggests that the benthic assimilative capacity of farmed sites will depend on their location. Wastes from pens located south of Rabbit Island in particular are likely to be quickly winnowed out by wave and tidal action. These pens are also less likely to be affected by resuspension of fine sediments that might be associated with unusually severe storms.     

柴达木盆地东部烃源岩的生源与沉积环境

用色谱-质谱、稳定同位素质谱等分析测试技术，对柴达木盆地东部地区寒武系、奥陶系、泥盆系、石炭系和侏罗系岩样进行地球化学特征分析。从饱和烃生物标志化合物特征、正构烷烃单体碳同位素分布特征等方面入手，对该区的烃源岩的生源与沉积环境作了详细研究。结果表明，柴达木盆地东部地区古生界有机质多为菌、藻类生源，少数有陆源有机质混入（主要是石炭系）。有机质多为强还原环境的海相沉积，少数为海陆过渡相沉积。侏罗系在一些地区和层段并非典型的成煤环境，而是属于滨浅湖相，少数为半深湖-深湖环境，因此具有一定的生烃能力。     

Radiative Processes in the Stable Boundary Layer: Part I. Radiative Aspects

The structure of the radiatively dominated stable boundary layer is analysed using idealized calculations at high vertical and spectral resolution. The temperature profile of a nocturnal radiative boundary layer, developing after the evening transition, is found to be well described in terms of radiative cooling to the surface, although radiative exchanges within the atmosphere become increasingly important with time. The treatment of non-black surfaces is discussed in some detail and it is shown that the effect of reducing the surface emissivity is to decrease rather than to increase the radiative cooling rate in the surface layer. It is also argued that an accurate assessment of the impact of non-black surfaces requires careful attention to the spectral and directional characteristics of the surface emissivity. A polar nocturnal boundary layer, developing above snow-covered ground, is simulated and found to reach a slowly evolving state characterized by a strong radiative divergence near the surface that is comparable to observed values. Radiative boundary layers are characterized by large temperature gradients near the surface. An erratum to this article can be found at     

CHARACTERISTICS OF UT/LS CARBON MONOXIDE INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT FACTORS OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS IN SUMMER

The study presented herein investigated the main characteristics of carbon monoxideintraseasonal variability and evaluated its possible impact factors using the upper troposphere and lowerstratosphere (UT/LS) Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations over Tibetan Plateau and itsadjacent areas in summer (June to August) of 2005 and 2006. Observations show a persistent constituentextreme extending up into the UT/LS throughout summer, as well as a temporally reversed phase variationbetween the carbon monoxide and ozone in UT/LS. The intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) of carbonmonoxide during summer are investigated by using methods of wavelet and band pass filter analysis. It isfound that ISOs over the Tibetan Plateau have periods of 10 to 20 days and 30 to 60 days. The formermainly appeared in upper troposphere while the latter in lower stratosphere. Further analysis shows thatthese two periods of ISOs in UT/LS are mainly in phase to the activities of convection over the south of theplateau and the variation of South Asia High, respectively. The above two factors and their dynamicalcoupling may be responsible for the tracer ISOs at different levels.     

中国近海沉积物氮和有机碳标准物质的研制

我国海洋沉积物的研究近几年发展较快,但是缺少有定值的氮、有机碳标准物质。本文针对及其匮乏的氮、有机碳国家二级标准物质进行了我国近海沉积物总氮(TN)、总碳(TC)、总有机碳(TOC)含量的分析标准参考物质的研制。研究样品采自"我国近海海洋综合调查与评价"专项提供的表层沉积物,经过冷冻干燥、研磨至74μm,使用元素分析仪和氧化热解-气相色谱法分析总氮和总碳的含量;使用元素分析仪和氧化热解-电位法分析总有机碳的含量,制备了一系列16个有定值的总氮、总碳、总有机碳含量的近海沉积物标准物质。样品在均匀性检验中,F的实测值小于临界值,相对偏差较小,样品的均匀性较好。在稳定性检验方面,两年内多次测定的分析结果无方向性变化,统计计算结果显示稳定性良好。本文研制的这16个近海沉积物标准物质在3家实验室进行了联合定值,按照ISO导则35和国家一级标准物质研制规范,给出了该系列标准物质总氮、总碳、总有机碳含量的标准值和不确定度。这批标准物质分为不同海区,不同海区的标准物质又分为不同的沉积物类型,研制的不同海区不同沉积物类型的标准物质对现有的海洋沉积物标准物质进行了有效的补充。     

太湖入湖河口和开敞区CDOM吸收和三维荧光特征

应用吸收和三维荧光光谱对2007年夏季太湖入湖河口和大太湖开敞区有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)浓度及来源进行研究.结果表明,河口区和开敞区CDOM吸收系数a(355)存在显著空间差异,河口区明显大于开敞(ANOVA,P<0.001),a(355)最大值出现在大浦河口和竺山湾漕桥河几附近,最小值出现在东太湖和胥口湾.a(355)与溶解性有机碳、化学耗氧量浓度存在显著正相关.所有样品一般都含有4个明显的荧光峰,包括1个可见光区的类腐殖质荧光C峰,1个紫外光区的类腐殖酸荧光A峰,2个类蛋白荧光B峰和D峰.河口区外源输入的类腐殖质荧光非常强,最著大于开敞区(ANOVA,P<0.05).而河口区和开敞区类蛋白荧光没有显著性差异,反映开敞区除外源河流输入外,内源生物降解等对类蛋白荧光贡献增加.在河口区B、C峰的比值r(B/C)/b于1,均值为0.62±0.14、在开敞区r(B/C)除12#是0.92,其他值均大于1,均值为1.12±0.13,初步判断r(B/C)可以作为区分CDOM来源的重要参数.CDOM吸收a(355)与类腐殖质荧光C峰、A峰均存在极显著的正相关,而与类蛋白荧光相关性则明显下降,与D峰存在显著正相关,与B峰没有显著相关.     

近百年来湖泊有机碳与无机碳埋藏响应流域开发的协同变化——以石林喀斯特地区为例

有机碳和无机碳的流域输出是湖泊碳埋藏的重要驱动因子,而喀斯特地区无机碳循环具有反应迅速且对人类活动影响敏感的特点.在流域开发持续增强的背景下,喀斯特地区湖泊有机碳和无机碳的来源、含量与埋藏通量可能会出现同步变化的协同模式.本文以云南省石林喀斯特地区流域土地利用类型不同的两个中型湖泊(长湖、月湖)开展对比分析,通过对沉积物钻孔的土壤侵蚀强度(磁化率)、流域外源输入(C:N比值)、水动力(粒度)、营养盐(总氮、总磷)、藻类生产力(叶绿素色素)等代用指标的分析,结合监测数据和历史资料重建了两个湖泊环境变化的近百年历史,并定量识别了有机碳和无机碳埋藏响应流域开发的变化特征与协同模式.沉积物磁化率和C:N比值结果揭示了流域地表侵蚀和外源输入的阶段性特征,同时总氮和总磷含量记录了长湖和月湖营养水平上升的长期模式.在流域森林覆被较高(33.43%)的长湖中,全岩和有机质C:N比值分别与磁化率信号呈显著正相关(r=0.95和0.89,P<0.001),且与无机碳和有机碳含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.94,P<0.001和r=-0.52,P=0.01),反映了森林植被退化时流域碳输出的减少对沉...