全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6620篇 |
免费 | 811篇 |
国内免费 | 2005篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 56篇 |
大气科学 | 644篇 |
地球物理 | 1273篇 |
地质学 | 5139篇 |
海洋学 | 1052篇 |
天文学 | 118篇 |
综合类 | 187篇 |
自然地理 | 967篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 82篇 |
2023年 | 207篇 |
2022年 | 323篇 |
2021年 | 345篇 |
2020年 | 327篇 |
2019年 | 386篇 |
2018年 | 323篇 |
2017年 | 340篇 |
2016年 | 351篇 |
2015年 | 354篇 |
2014年 | 434篇 |
2013年 | 510篇 |
2012年 | 448篇 |
2011年 | 439篇 |
2010年 | 293篇 |
2009年 | 454篇 |
2008年 | 546篇 |
2007年 | 420篇 |
2006年 | 422篇 |
2005年 | 338篇 |
2004年 | 337篇 |
2003年 | 228篇 |
2002年 | 217篇 |
2001年 | 194篇 |
2000年 | 210篇 |
1999年 | 156篇 |
1998年 | 150篇 |
1997年 | 139篇 |
1996年 | 82篇 |
1995年 | 71篇 |
1994年 | 78篇 |
1993年 | 44篇 |
1992年 | 31篇 |
1991年 | 17篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 23篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 17篇 |
1985年 | 17篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有9436条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
22.
Performance of various similarity functions for nondimensional wind and temperature profiles in the surface layer in stable conditions 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The linear functions for non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles are commonly used to describe the surface layer fluxes in atmospheric models. However, their applicability is limited to smaller values of the stability parameter z/L (where z is the height above ground and L is the Obukhov length) i.e. z/L < 1.0. These linear functions have been modified (Webb 1970, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 96, 67–90; Clarke 1970, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 96, 91–114; Hicks 1976, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 102, 535–551; Beljaars and Holtslag 1991, J. Appl. Meteorol. 30, 327–341; Cheng and Brutsaert 2005, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 114, 519–538) over the years for calculating fluxes when z/L > 1.0 under strongly stable conditions. In view of this, the objective of the present study is to analyze the performance of these similarity functions to compute surface fluxes in stable conditions.The meteorological observations from the Cooperative Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) experiment are utilized for computing the surface fluxes in stable conditions. The computed fluxes are found to be reasonably close to those observed. The ratio of observed to computed fluxes reveals that the computed fluxes are close to the observations for all the similarity functions for z/L < 1.0 whereas the computed values show relatively a large scatter from observations for z/L > 1.0. The computed values of u and heat flux do not show significant differences from those observed at 99% confidence limit. The performance of all the similarity functions considered here is found to be comparable to each other in strongly stable conditions. 相似文献
23.
A. Bollhöfer A. Eisenhauer N. Frank D. Pech A. Mangini 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1996,85(3):577-585
Thorium- and uranium isotopes were measured in a diagenetic manganese nodule from the Peru basin applying alpha- and thermal
ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Alpha-counting of 62 samples was carried out with a depth resolution of 0.4 mm to gain
a high-resolution230Thexcess profile. In addition, 17 samples were measured with TIMS to obtain precise isotope concentrations and isotope ratios. We
got values of 0.06–0.59 ppb (230Th), 0.43–1.40 ppm (232Th), 0.09–0.49 ppb (234U) and 1.66–8.24 ppm (238U). The uranium activity ratio in the uppermost samples (1–6 mm) and in two further sections in the nodule at 12.5±1.0 mm
and 27.3–33.5 mm comes close to the present ocean water value of 1.144±0.004. In two other sections of the nodule, this ratio
is significantly higher, probably reflecting incorporation of diagenetic uranium. The upper 25 mm section of the Mn nodule
shows a relatively smooth exponential decrease in the230Thexcess concentration (TIMS). The slope of the best fit yields a growth rate of 110 mm/Ma up to 24.5 mm depth. The section from 25
to 30.3 mm depth shows constant230Thexcess concentrations probably due to growth rates even faster than those in the top section of the nodule. From 33 to 50 mm depth,
the growth rate is approximately 60 mm/Ma. Two layers in the nodule with distinct laminations (11–15 and 28–33 mm depth) probably
formed during the transition from isotopic stage 8 to 7 and in stage 5e, respectively. The Mn/Fe ratio shows higher values
during interglacials 5 and 7, and lower ones during glacials 4 and 6. A comparison of our data with data from adjacent sediment
cores suggests (a) a variable supply of hydrothermal Mn to sediments and Mn nodules of the Peru basin or (b) suboxic conditions
at the water sediment interface during periods with lower Mn/Fe ratios. 相似文献
24.
25.
Carbon and Noble Gas Isotopes in the Tengchong Volcanic Geothermal Area, Yunnan, Southwestern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Carbon and noble gas isotope analyses are reported for bubbling gas samples from the Tengchong volcanic geothermal area near the Indo-Eurasian suture zone. All samples contain a resolvable component of mantle-derived 3He. Occurrence of mantle-derived 3He coincides with surface volcanism. However, 3He occurs over a larger geographic areathan do surface volcanics. δ13C values for CO2 and CH4 vary from -33.4‰ to 1.6 ‰ and from -52.8‰ to -2.8‰, respectively. He and C isotope systematics indicate that CO2 and CH4 in the CO2-rich gases originated predominantly from magmatic component mixed with crustal CO2 produced from carbonate. However, breakdown of organic matter and near-surface processes accounts for the CH4 and CO2 in N2-rich gases. 3He/4He ratio distribution pattern suggests that mantle-derived He and heat sources of high-temperature system in central Tengchong originate from a hidden magma reservoir at subsurface. CO2-rich gases with the highest 3He/4He ratio (5.2 Ra) may be representative of the 相似文献
26.
对取自桑沟湾北西南三根柱样近200 a碳来源及埋藏通量的解析,分析了湾内不同站位各形态碳的差异性,进而对全湾碳埋藏进行了估算。湾内环流、贝藻养殖等造成湾内不同区域碳埋藏的差异;桑沟湾总碳(TC)平均量1.79%,有机碳(TOC)平均量0.54%,无机碳(TIC)平均量1.25%,TOC含量相对较小,为海陆混合来源,以陆源有机碳(Ct)为主,大规模人工养殖后,海源有机碳(Ca)有明显增加的趋势。桑沟湾碳埋藏通量平均为228.9 g/(m2·a),以无机碳为主要埋藏形式(约占70%),高的沉积速率及生物残骸沉降使桑沟湾养殖区碳的来源及埋藏区别于其他陆架海域。 相似文献
27.
Haydon P. Mort Thierry Adatte Gerta Keller David Bartels Karl B. Fllmi Philipp Steinmann Zsolt Berner E.H. Chellai 《Cretaceous Research》2008,29(5-6):1008
With a multi-proxy approach, an attempt was made to constrain productivity and bottom-water redox conditions and their effects on the phosphorus accumulation rate at the Mohammed Plage section on the Tarfaya coast, Morocco, during the Cenomanian-Turonian Anoxic Event (OAE 2). A distinct δ13Corg isotope excursion of +2.5‰ occurs close to the top of the section. The unusually abrupt shift of the isotope excursion and disappearance of several planktonic foraminiferal species (e.g. Rotalipora cushmani and Rotalipora greenhornensis) in this level suggests a hiatus of between 40–60 kyrs at the excursion onset. Nevertheless, it was possible to determine both the long-term environmental history as well as the processes that took place immediately prior to and during OAE 2. TOC% values increase gradually from the base of the section to the top (from 2.5% to 10%). This is interpreted as the consequence of a long-term eustatic sea-level rise and subsidence causing the encroachment of less oxic waters into the Tarfaya Basin. Similarly a reduction in the mineralogically constructed ‘detrital index’ can be explained by the decrease in the continental flux of terrigenous material due to a relative sea-level rise. A speciation of phosphorus in the upper part of the section, which spans the start and mid-stages of OAE 2, shows overall higher abundances of Preactive mass accumulation rates before the isotope excursion onset and lower values during the plateau. Due to the probable short hiatus, the onset of the decrease in phosphorus content relative to the isotope excursion is uncertain, although the excursion plateau already contains lower concentrations. The Corg/Ptotal and V/Al ratios suggest that this reduction was mostly likely caused by a decrease in the available bottom oxygen content (probably as a result of higher productivity) and a corresponding fall in the phosphorus retention ability of the sediment. Productivity appears to have remained high during the isotope plateau possibly due to a combination of ocean-surface fertilisation via increased aridity (increased K/Al and Ti/Al ratios) and/or higher dissolved inorganic phosphorus content in the water column as a result of the decrease in sediment P retention. The evidence for decreased P-burial has been observed in many other palaeoenvironments during OAE 2. Tarfaya's unique upwelling paleosituation provides strong evidence that the nutrient recycling was a global phenomenon and therefore a critical factor in starting and sustaining OAE 2. 相似文献
28.
食物生产系统的碳排放占人类活动碳排放总量的 30%, 碳汇渔业是一种重要的面向人类社会高质量食物蛋白质供给 的低碳发展路径。本文基于常见的 11 种养殖贝类的固碳系数和蛋白质含量特性研究,系统评估了我国2019 年养殖牡蛎 、蛤 类、扇贝、贻贝和蚶类等在养殖周期内碳捕集特性以及对低碳发展的贡献。研究表明: (1) 11 种养殖贝类之间贝壳和软体 组织含碳量的差异并不明显,但干重比和出肉率差异显著。因此,贝类固碳量核算不能忽视种类差异。 (2)所选 11 种贝类 软体组织皆属于高蛋白食品,虾夷扇贝软体组织 (干重) 的蛋白质含量最高。针对单位质量贝类养殖,长牡蛎的碳封存贡献 度最大,而华贵栉孔扇贝提供的蛋白质最多,两者都是碳汇渔业的优势种。(3) 据估算,我国2019 年海水养殖贝类中牡蛎、蛤 类 、扇贝和蚶类总共吸收固定了约 117.98 万吨 C02,提供了 40.65 万吨蛋白质 。这些蛋白质相比于牛肉源蛋白质可减少 4 048.74 万吨 C02 当量的排放量。由于贝类固碳强度大,探索低碳可持续的贝类养殖是绿色渔业经济的重要引擎, 也是建立可持续高质量“蓝色粮仓”和生物固碳的重要路径, 将在我国低碳产业发展中发挥重要作用。 相似文献
29.
Maki Morimoto Kyoko Kawanobe Osamu Abe Takayoshi Kawai Toshiyuki Kawamura Kunio Shirasawa 《水文研究》2010,24(7):904-916
In winter, lakes and lagoons at high altitudes or high latitudes have interesting hydrological cycles that differ from those in other seasons or in other regions, because water surfaces are covered with ice. Hydrological balances of lakes and lagoons are complex dynamic systems, and to elucidate them, isotopic tracers of water have been used as effective tools along with observations of precipitation, evaporation, inflows, and outflows. Here, to understand hydrological processes during freezing periods in the brackish Saroma‐ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, northern Japan, we examined horizontal and vertical distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of lagoon water and ice in 2005 and 2006. Horizontal and vertical gradients of salinity and isotope compositions were observed from the river mouth to the sea channel, and factors determining these distributions were considered. The mixing of freshwater and seawater and a freezing effect were presumed to be factors in relationships between salinity and isotopes and in relationships between surface waters and ice just above the water. A simple box model for water balance was constructed based on these putative factors to reproduce the distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of surface waters and ice. An evaluation of the model revealed that this hydrological system is controlled primarily by horizontal advection of the epilimnion, freshwater influx, and the ice growth rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
30.
降水是干旱区水文循环研究不可缺少的水文要素,为了揭示我国西北地区大气降水的氢氧同位素时空分布特征,合理开展不同尺度水文循环研究和建立对比标准,系统搜集分析了乌鲁木齐、银川、张掖、兰州、平凉、西安和拉萨七个地区多年大气降水的氢氧同位素数据资料。分析结果表明:乌鲁木齐、银川、张掖和兰州四个地区的δ18O值夏半年明显高于冬半年,从全年尺度上来看只是受到了温度效应的影响;而位于关中盆地的西安地区则由于复杂的水汽来源,冬半年表现出受温度效应的控制,夏半年转为雨量效应控制为主。平凉地区δ18O与其它海拔相近地区(如兰州)相比5~9月份均偏负,这与平凉地区较弱的城市热岛效应有关。西北地区大气降水δD和δ18O的变化范围均在全球大气降水的变化范围之内,除平凉和拉萨外,其它几个地区大气降水线方程的斜率和截距均小于全球大气降水线,说明这些地区的降水是在干旱环境下经历较强程度的蒸发条件下进行的,且在降水过程中还可能受到了局地二次蒸发凝结等水汽循环的影响。而该区域大气降水的氘盈余(d值)表现出冬半年高、夏半年低的特点,表明冬半年和夏半年水汽来源不同或者水源地的蒸发条件不同。 相似文献