海洋Nd同位素演化及古洋流循环示踪研究

海洋Nd同位素演化已经成为示踪陆源风化输入和洋流循环改变的最重要的手段之一,得到了越来越多的应用,并取得了许多重要的成果。海水的Nd同位素组成主要受陆源输入物质控制,热液输入几乎可以忽略。由于Nd在海洋中的停留时间(约500～1000a)略小于海水的平均混合时间(约1500a),且各洋盆有不同的Nd同位素风化输入,因此现代各大洋海水具有不同的Nd同位素组成。在陆源输入稳定的情况下,可以利用海水的Nd同位素组成和演化来示踪水体的混合或洋流循环的改变。目前主要依靠对海洋中水成铁锰结壳、海洋钙质有孔虫壳体、磷酸质鱼骨头或鱼牙齿化石以及沉积物中铁锰氧化物组分等的研究来恢复和反演古海水的Nd同位素组成和演化。4种分析材料各有其优缺点。其中,通过对水成铁锰结壳的Nd同位素分析,基本建立了各大洋新生代以来的主要洋流的Nd同位素组成的长尺度演化。通过有孔虫壳体、鱼化石碎片和沉积物中Fe-Mn氧化物组分可以进行高时间分辨率的古海水Nd同位素演化示踪。利用海水Nd同位素演化可以示踪古洋流通道的开启或闭合,以及获得水体交换的直接信息,为研究构造运动与气候变化之间的关系提供指示。同时,将海水Nd同位素演化与气候变化的指标结合起来,可以用于示踪各种气候条件下洋流循环的改变,将洋流循环的改变与气候变化联系起来,研究两者之间的成因关系。对表层水体的Nd同位素组成的研究则可以示踪不同气候条件下大陆陆源风化输入的改变。     

浮游有孔虫个体大小对硼同位素分析的影响

对比分析了太平洋(Site 806)、大西洋(Site 664)和加勒比海地区(Site 999)末次冰期最盛期和全新世钻孔顶部不同尺寸大小的浮游有孔虫Globigerinoides sacculifer(500～600μm和300～355μm)和Globi-gerinoides ruber(300～355μm和250～300μm)的硼同位素组分变化,发现个体相对较小的有孔虫样品由于受到样品量以及样品前处理过程的影响,其硼同位素在末次冰期最盛期出现异常,浮游有孔虫硼同位素分析,尤其是冰期-间冰期时间尺度上的硼同位素分析,适合用个体相对较大的有孔虫。末次冰期最盛期太平洋和加勒比海地区溶解作用可能加强,其G.sacculifer的硼同位素偏低,但G.ruber的硼同位素不受溶解作用的影响,能够反映末次冰期海水pH值的变化。三个钻孔末次冰期最盛期G.ruber的硼同位素比全新世的硼同位素平均高(1.3±1.2)‰(2s.e.),与理论预测值1.6‰一致。     

鲁北平原地下水同位素年龄及可更新能力评价

笔者采用大量的地下水环境同位素数据, 利用天然放射性氚和14C的通用测年技术, 分别估算浅、深层地下水的形成年龄, 评价地下水的可更新能力。研究结果表明, 鲁北平原浅层地下水的主要补给来自当地的大气降水和引黄河灌溉水, 循环速度较快, 循环时间20～50 a, 更新能力较强。深层地下水主要起源于古代大气降水, 是在比现在寒冷的气候条件下由大气降水入渗形成, 循环速度较慢, 循环时间8～20 ka, 更新能力较弱。     

桂林洞穴滴水及现代碳酸钙(CaCO3)沉积的碳同位素记录及其环境意义

经过前期(1995~2000年)及近2 a对桂林盘龙洞13个滴水点的2 个水文年的滴水和现代碳酸钙沉积的动态监测, 发现现代洞穴碳酸钙(CaCO3)沉积有两种类型: ①常年性滴水沉积碳酸盐, 其δ13C值记录了全年气候变化特征; ②季节性滴水沉积碳酸盐, 其δ13C值记录了季节性气候变化特征。现代碳酸盐沉积监测和碳同位素分析表明, 桂林盘龙洞外部峰体主要为C3植物(几乎没有C4植物), 现代沉积碳酸盐的δ13C记录显示, 在夏半年, 夏季风强、降水丰沛、生物的活动量大, 现代碳酸盐沉积量大,δ13C值则较偏负, 平均为-13.13‰; 现代碳酸盐的δ13C全年平均值为-12.23‰, 最负值达-14.5‰; 而在冬半年, 由于降水相对较少, 新沉积碳酸盐的δ13C值, 显示稍有增加(或偏正), 其δ13C值为-10‰~-11‰。此外, 当在降大雨或暴雨后(无论是在夏半年或是在冬半年), 滴水在滞后半个月或1个月后沉积形成的碳酸盐, 其δ13C值显示突然偏负, 主要反映的是降雨效应引起的CO2 效应的影响。     

河南省鲁山县背孜矿区石墨矿床地质特征及其成因探讨

河南省鲁山县背孜石墨矿床地处华北地台南缘灵宝-鲁山-舞阳石墨成矿带。矿区主要含矿岩石为太华群水底沟组片麻岩及大理岩。该区断裂构造较为发育,构造活动对矿体起到了一定的破坏作用,同时造成了本区石墨的局部富集。矿石类型主要为片麻岩型石墨矿,石墨呈晶质鳞片状。通过野外观察,室内矿石组分研究以及碳同位素分析认为该石墨矿床成因类型应为沉积变质矿床,并具有后期热液叠加富集特征,成矿物质来源主要为有机碳与无机碳两种类型,且不同含矿岩石中碳质来源具有差异性特征。     

准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区梭梭维持水源初步研究

为了了解沙漠植物梭梭维持水源的利用情况,探明其对水源的利用策略,利用稳定性同位素技术定位取样,对准噶尔盆地南缘荒漠区梭梭进行了研究.结果表明,冬季,梭梭基本没有直接利用降雪;随着融雪后浅层土壤含水率的上升,梭梭明显利用浅层土壤水;梭梭利用水源中,地下水占有很大比例,这种比例在冬季和夏季最高,最高幅度可达到80％,平均占到30％左右;降雨也是梭梭利用的水源之一,在降雨后的3～5 d内,梭梭木质部δ18O值有明显趋近降雨δ18O值的趋势.因此,本研究区的梭梭维持水源有多个途径,地下水、融雪形成的浅层土壤水是其主要水源,中、大量降雨也是其利用的水源之一.     

锆石对地球早期地壳演化和构造体制转换的启示

锆石是研究早期地球演化的重要矿物之一,它的U-Pb年龄结合其微量元素以及同位素成分是反演寄主岩石成因乃至地球动力学背景的重要手段.本文从锆石矿物包裹体、微量元素、U-Pb同位素体系、Lu-Hf同位素、O同位素以及Si、Zr和Ti同位素这6个方面综述了近10年来前人取得的主要研究成果,总结了次生矿物包裹体可能产生的方式以...     

Origin of the Neoproterozoic Baijianshan Banded Iron Formation at the Southeastern Margin of the Tarim Block in NW China: Implication for an Extremely Reducing Ocean

The Neoproterozoic banded iron formations(BIFs)were closely associated with the“Snowball Earth”during the breakup of the Rodinia,thus they played an important role in our understanding of the atmospheric and oceanic oxygen levels during this period.In this contribution,the Neoproterozoic(ca.737 Ma)Baijianshan BIF at Southeast Tarim,northwestern China was identified.Magnetite is the dominated iron-species,which occurs as the lamina interbedded with chert.The BIF contains low concentrations of trace elements,and is depleted in light rare earth elements(LREEs)based on comparison with the Post-Archean Australian Shale(PAAS).In addition,the BIF exhibits slightly positive La-Eu anomalies,negligible Ce anomalies,insignificant Y anomalies,chondritic Y/Ho ratios(23-32),and slightly chondritic initial ε_Nd(t=737 Ma)values(?0.45 to 1.46,averaging 0.37).All these features indicate that the precipitation of Baijianshan BIF was closely related to the submarine low-T hydrothermal fluids with little detrital contribution.Moreover,the Baijianshan BIF is characterized by the significant enrichment of heavy Fe isotopes,with δ⁵⁷Fe_IRMM-014 values ranging from 1.78‰ to 3.05‰,revealing the partial oxidation of Fe²⁺ into Fe³⁺ during the precipitation of this BIF.Our data suggest that the formation of Baijianshan BIF was closely associated with a significantly reducing ocean,which most likely was isolated from the oxidized atmosphere by a local ice sheet.This Neoproterozoic Baijianshan ocean has the initial oxygen levels as low as,or even lower than that of Archean and Paleoproterozoic oceans.     

Chemical and isotopic assessment of surface water–shallow groundwater interaction in the arid Grande river basin,North-Central Chile

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses the composition of surface water and shallow groundwater in the Grande River basin, North-Central Chile, using this information to characterize water interactions. Chemical and isotopic data for surface water and groundwater (7 and 6 sampling locations, respectively) were obtained from three sampling campaigns performed in March–April (autumn), August–September (late winter) and December (early summer) 2012. Precipitation samples were also collected. Data was processed using spatial distribution charts, Piper and Stiff diagrams, and multivariate analysis. In general, the results for each method converge on a high degree of connectivity between surface water and shallow groundwater in the study area. Furthermore, approximately a 10% of groundwater contribution to the surface flow discharge was estimated for a particular reach. This multi-method approach was useful for the characterization of surface water–groundwater interactions in the Grande River basin, and may become a suitable and replicable scheme for studies in arid and semi-arid basins facing similar water management challenges.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor B. Dewals     

Gull-derived trace elements trigger small-scale contamination in a remote Mediterranean nature reserve

The role of a yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) small colony in conveying trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, THg, V, Zn) was assessed in a Mediterranean nature reserve (Marinello ponds) at various spatial and temporal scales. Trace element concentrations in guano were high and seasonally variable. In contrast, contamination in the ponds was not influenced by season but showed strong spatial variability among ponds, according to the different guano input. Biogenic enrichment factor B confirmed the role of gulls in the release of trace elements through guano subsidies. In addition, comparing trace element pond concentrations to the US NOAA’s SQGs, As, Cu and Ni showed contamination levels associated with possible negative biological effects. Thus, this study reflects the need to take seabirds into account as key factors influencing ecological processes and contamination levels even in remote areas, especially around the Mediterranean, where these birds are abundant but overlooked.